In one study, researchers analyzed the effect of a Western diet characterized by high fat and sucrose on gut microbes, which can alter cognitive flexibility. This anxiety has potential to decrease performance in a “task switch” paradigm which is indicative of cognitive flexibility. In this study, researchers used the neuropsychological intervention of mobile technology (mHealth) and compared the results with a control group. DAT1 is a protein that transports dopamine from the synapse to cytosol, allowing for other transporters to seize dopamine and norepinephrine into vesicles for storage and/or release. It means that most humans are pretty bad at optimal decision-making. Flexible Thinking and Reading. Previous post: What Is Cognitive Flexibility? Results from the study indicate that the MDMA-induced neurotoxicity resulted in significantly decreased cognitive flexibility, and the decrease was noticeable 5 days after administration. It’s also about evaluating strategies and generating novel solutions. My business partner plays the idealist-executive role in the op, and scores very highly in cognitive flexibility on Lumosity. Further, it is important to avoid assuming that everyone taking these substances and/or drugs will experience improvements in cognitive flexibility – certain substances could theoretically increase rigidity in some individuals. In addition, they accounted for genetic baseline dopaminergic differences, they used the VNTR polymorphism associated with the DAT1 gene. 1. Adapt, pivot, innovate. A greater proportion of individuals within those species appear to have an abundance of cognitive flexibility compared to humans. This suggests that antiglutamatergic agents (e.g. Results suggested that stress impaired performance on cognitive flexibility tasks. Genetics / Epigenetics: Certain genetic polymorphisms may be associated with reductions in cognitive flexibility. Antipsychotics: Among individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, it appears as though antipsychotics may increase cognitive flexibility. While it isn’t well-known whether someone can learn to incorporate inner speech in their daily routine during adulthood, it may be worth testing. How to approach problems and solutions is inhibitory processing (Faja, 2015; Nigg, 2000). Cognitive Restructuring Techniques. An earlier study (not published) showed significant pretest-posttest increase in scores, as well as a significant positive correlation between choosing to complete the module individually or in pairs. Therefore, you may want to take time to consciously assess your omega-3 intake. Who knows what you will discover. Cognitive flexibility has been described as the mental ability to switch between thinking about two different concepts, and to think about multiple concepts simultaneously. Previous studies have found that PTSD is associated with hippocampal-related impairment in cognitive flexibility. Dreams have been described as dress rehearsals for real life, opportunities to gratify wishes, and a form of nocturnal therapy. There are many psychological benefits of exercise including: mood boost, anxiolytic effects, and cognitive enhancement. Cognitive flexibility and other executive function skills are crucial to success both in classroom settings and life. Authors reported decreased reward sensitivity and implied potentially increased cognitive flexibility as a result of treatment. Specifically, it has been noted that REM-dreaming is linked to increased creativity and abstract reasoning abilities. Despite the fact that this was a small scale study, it is worth noting that altitude changes associated with lack of oxygen could trigger anxiety. A person can attain omega-3 fatty acids from a diet high in fatty fish, but most people aren’t able to consume sufficient fish for these omega-3s. New research indicates that certain gut microbes are associated with reduced cognitive flexibility, while others may be associated with increased cognitive flexibility. What this and other studies do is clue us in to some key ideas for how to improve cognitive flexibility, ultimately making us more resilient, creative, and confident. Researchers accomplished this by administering a pharmaceutical medications or a placebo to individuals in conditions of stress or no stress. Have you needed to run an errand that would have taken you out of your way and instead ended up at home? Authors of the study speculate that neural networks involved in cognitive flexibility become trained as an individual is playing these video games. We live in a time of great societal changes in the Western world. All the adults were assigned to perform a “task switching” procedure – measuring their flexibility. Indeed, those species that exhibit less cognitive bias, also have a much stronger capacity for moral reasoning and fairness. A high degree of cognitive flexibility is associated with increased fluid intelligence, superior reading and comprehension, as well as a healthier brain. Third, after the rats mastered the task, their stress levels went down. It seems that once we learn something one way, we stick with it even if there is a faster, better, more effective approach. 8 8. Discussion: Cognitive flexibility, shortly after trauma exposure, emerged as a significant predictor of PTSD symptom severity. A study published in 2015 analyzed the relationship between omega-3 fatty acids, neural activation, and APOE e4 carriers (a biomarker indicating that individuals are at risk for cognitive decline). Some of this good news comes from rats. It is apparent that MDMA administration (at high doses) could have similar effects in humans. 3. There are certain pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and supplements that have shown promise for increasing cognitive flexibility. All matters regarding your health require medical supervision. While it is unknown as to whether the disorder lead to poor cognitive flexibility or vice-versa, there is evidence that cognitive flexibility can be increased. Researchers note that cognitive flexibility in normal adults may be impaired under significant stress. There is a common thread that ties them all together, however, and it is called cognitive flexibility. However, it could easily be other things, like trying new foods, changing the time of day you exercise, even sitting in a new chair. A study published in 2014, researchers documented the effect of “simulated” hypoxia (less oxygen) at altitudes of 3600 meters. Scientific Reports, 2019; 9 (1) DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49658-0. Despite the fact that this was a study conducted in mice, there is reason to believe that your diet is influencing your cognitive flexibility. (2019) taught rats to drive little cars and the rats, in turn, taught the scientists quite a lot. Hormone imbalances: It appears as though hormone imbalances could decrease cognitive flexibility. Kids use flexible thinking both for learning to read and for reading to … In short, we are incredibly biased. Results from the study discovered that development of inner speech in childhood enhances development of cognitive flexibility. People who are unable to transition their train of thought or perspective to another would be said to have “cognitive rigidity.”  Think of cognitive rigidity as being akin to a concrete sculpture that is highly resistant to change. Certain individuals lack cognitive flexibility, and are said to have “rigidity of thought” which usually translates to rigidity of behavior. 7 Ways To Increase Cognitive Flexibility 1. However, the addition of a play partner to these children with PWS led to significant improvements across these domains, suggesting that interventions promoting pretend play may “increase socioemotional understanding and cognitive flexibility while decreasing rigidity and repetitive behaviors,” the researchers wrote. Due in part to dramatic improvements in medical science, our aging population is expanding rapidly. Lactobacillales were increased in high-sucrose diets and Erysipelotrichales were altered by the high fat diet. Results from the study suggested that MLC901 promoted hippocampal neurogenesis as evidenced by an increase in the number of neurons within the hippocampus. Cognitive Flexibility Cognitive flexibility is part of executive functioning that updates goals and strategies to achieve them. Feel free to share a comment discussing the importance of cognitive flexibility research. It appears as though inner speech may increase top-down control during shifting of thoughts (i.e. However, as I wrote about in a previous post, routines can become ruts, diminishing our cognitive abilities. Understand that omega-3 fatty acids may increase cognitive flexibility in all age groups, not just those at risk for cognitive decline. Among those with normative mental health and/or undergoing long-term treatment – it is unknown whether cognitive flexibility would increase. One of the measures included within the study was cognitive flexibility. For the study, they used a method called “ATD” (acute tryptophan depletion) in which tryptophan (a precursor to serotonin) is depleted. Research published in 2015 supports the idea that L-Tyrosine (an essential amino acid) promotes cognitive flexibility. Cognitive flexibility training intervention among children with autism: a longitudinal study Cristina de Andrade Varanda* and Fernanda Dreux Miranda Fernandes Abstract Autism is defined by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction in multiple contexts as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior. Specifically, increases in Clostridiales and reductions in Bacteroidales are associated with poorer cognitive flexibility. Second, once rats learned the basics, they accepted more challenges, not fewer. Rats are truly spectacular, whether it’s displaying an enormous capacity for empathy as I discussed in my previous post, friendship, or fairness, there seems to be no end to the lessons we can learn from rats—including how to increase and strengthen the neural basis for cognitive flexibility. Dopamine signaling dysfunction: It is thought that individuals with abnormally low levels of dopamine and/or dopaminergic dysfunction may have poorer cognitive flexibility. Cognitive stimulation program: A study published in 2014 suggested that using a mHealth cognitive stimulation program may increase cognitive flexibility among individuals suffering from alcohol dependence. Prior to the 2015 publication, L-Tyrosine supplementation was associated with increased cognitive control in response to scenarios with high cognitive demands. REM sleep, also known as “rapid-eye movement” is associated with information processing across various neural networks. Researchers imply that the substance may improve cognitive flexibility, and that the substance may prove therapeutic in human populations. This suggests that increases in cognitive flexibility could reduce alcohol withdrawal symptoms and improve outcomes among those with alcohol dependence, and perhaps be effective for those with other forms of drug dependence. Cognitive function and mood were assessed pre-dose and at 40- and 160-min post-dose on the 1st and 56th day of the intervention period. There seems to be a link between striatal dopamine concentrations and cognitive flexibility. Do something you know how to do, but do it differently (and often). Those that abuse alcohol tend to have deficits in the prefrontal cortex, and ultimately reduced cognitive flexibility. Celexa (Citalopram) vs. Lexapro (Escitalopram): Which Is Better? This paper analyses the effectiveness of educational intervention programs, and the specific potential of technology based on gesture-controlled games for improving cognitive flexibility (CF), inhibitory control (IC) and basic mathematical skills (BMSs) in early childhood education. This suggests that hypoxia associated with high altitude could temporarily improve cognitive flexibility. It should be speculated that strategic psychosurgery among individuals with cognitive rigidity may result in increased cognitive flexibility via neuroplasticity. This study involved comparing a group of meditators to a group of non-meditators in a Stroop “d2-concentration and endurance test.”. Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24966842 Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17484433 Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21994509. It could be suspected that individuals with low dopamine (or suboptimal levels) may display decreased cognitive flexibility compared to those with normative levels. It is... 3. In 2013, a study was published that determined the effects of neurotoxic and non-neurotoxic MDMA doses in mice. However, should a person experience anxiety following the hypoxia, their cognitive flexibility will likely decrease. This suggests that impaired cognitive flexibility as a result of stress could be related to the noradrenergic system, a target for the propranolol. It took approximately 7 days for cognitive flexibility to recover after high-dose administration. A cognitive intervention is a form of psychological intervention, a technique and therapy practised in counselling.It describes a myriad of approaches to therapy that focus on addressing psychological distress at a cognitive level. Consistent high dose administration over a long-term may permanently impair cognitive flexibility and/or result in a protracted MDMA withdrawal, during which it takes significantly longer to reestablish a homeostatic cognitive flexibility. No. Given that previous nutritional interventions using the set of cognitive tasks used here are limited ( 43 ), it is difficult to directly compare the magnitude of effect sizes with other nutrition studies. One of the measures for this study was an attentional “set shifting” task, which allowed researchers to note cognitive flexibility. Be creative. A total of 16 participants were assigned to engage in a cognitive flexibility performance test with anagram word puzzles following awakenings during REM or NREM. Regular physical exercise is associated with increased BDNF levels and the growth of new brain cells in a process called neurogenesis. One example, again from rats, is that rats tend to see all other rats as more similar to themselves, while we humans hold tightly to our in-out group tendencies. Researchers concluded that various aspects of cognitive flexibility are modulated by D2 receptor signaling. Pursue new challenges and experiences. In a 2011 study, researchers analyzed changes in cognitive flexibility as a result of antipsychotic treatment. An intervention program of 14 to 21 sessions was established to enhance cognitive flexibility. They are notorious for generating novel solutions, behaviors, and cultural practices. However, a person without mild dementia taking Memantine may not experience enhanced flexibility – theoretically they could experience increased rigidity or no significant change. In yet another fascinating study, Crawford et al. MDMA: In rodent studies, it appears as though consistent administration of MDMA (ecstasy) triggers dopaminergic neurotoxicity. However, little is known about this impairment following nature adventure interventions. If you aren’t getting proper sleep and/or are missing the REM stage of the sleep cycle, you may have less cognitive flexibility than others. Video games: A study published in 2013 investigated the effect of training in action video games on cognitive flexibility. In addition, you may want to include fermented foods in your diet and consider taking a high quality probiotic for maximum cognitive flexibility. A new theory aims to make sense of it all. Perhaps only improvement in cognitive flexibility stems from symptomatic reduction of schizophrenia and short-term treatment. While the results from this research aren’t considered definitive, there is reason to believe that abnormal serotonergic neurotransmission may impair cognitive flexibility. Dr. Jennifer Verdolin is an animal behavior scientist specializing in social behavior. In the Watzek et al. Intervention- induced improvement in cognitive flexibility positively correlated with clinical improvement (p = 0.002). Ingestion of L-Tyrosine tends to increase dopamine levels in the brain, and may enhance cognition (as a nootropic) while bolstering your flexibility of cognition. Learn how your comment data is processed. Like the rats, it’s even better if you combine mental and physical learning. planning, cognitive flexibility, behavioral inhibition, organization, self-monitoring and memory. Activity within the gut often influences activity within the brain such as neurotransmission – and vice-versa; the two have a symbiotic relationship. It appears as though when the memantine administration was discontinued, cognitive flexibility decreased. There was a close relationship between cognitive flexibility and inner speech among both children and adults. Individuals with low cognitive flexibility may derive significant benefit from a meditation practice, especially mindfulness. A study published in 2007 analyzed the effect of high stress on cognitive flexibility. Conscious practice of inner speech likely creates changes as a result of self-induced neuroplasticity. Enriched environment exposure accelerates rodent driving skills. It is unknown specifically which hormone(s) and threshold levels are most likely to decrease cognitive flexibility, but it is still a logical possibility to consider that imbalances may have detrimental effects. Before exploring what we can do about it, let me first explain what cognitive flexibility is, describe how other species demonstrate this behavior, and discuss why exhibiting this behavior is advantageous. Therefore, it is logical to conclude that among those with forms of neurodegeneration, memantine could increase cognitive flexibility. Since there are established associations between stress levels and cognitive flexibility, and also symbiotic relationships between stress and hormones, it is possible to consider that levels of certain hormones could alter both stress and/or cognitive flexibility. When looking at other people’s cognitive distortions, they … Not even after they watched another human do it in a video! Researchers noted that those without the 9R allele of the DAT1 had reductions in striatal dopamine concentration. L-Tyrosine supplementation It was believed that increases in frontal lobe function as a result of the group receiving the “mHealth” intervention were more significant and ultimately contributed to enhanced cognitive flexibility. Another way to build cognitive flexibility is to make an effort to think in … Individuals without the 9R allele also had increases in sensory change and task-set reconfigurations. So go ahead and be comfortable with being uncomfortable. The conclusion from these results was that treatment with antipsychotics increases cognitive flexibility. It is thought that sufficient dopamine and proper dopaminergic signaling promote flexibility of cognition. Therefore, behaviors and substances that decrease REM sleep should be avoided. An individual who is able to switch quickly from thinking about one concept, characteristic, or perspective to another – would be said to possess a high degree of cognitive flexibility. The individuals received either propranolol (a beta blocker) or a placebo. As hypothesized, the two smartphone interventions, unlike the control, improved cognitive flexibility; as assessed on the Intradimensional–Extradimensional Set Shifting task (a sensitive marker of cognitive flexibility). Behavioural Brain Research, p.112309. Rather than catching up with our primate cousins, where 100 percent of the individuals integrated the new and more resourceful tactic, 61 percent of humans never used the shortcut. And finally, being a passenger is just as stressful for rats as it is for people! If you were to estimate your own level of cognitive flexibility, how would you rate yourself? To maximize your cognitive flexibility, you may want to reduce intake of sugar and unhealthy fats (e.g. Psychological flexibility might be the key to better cognitive-behavioral interventions. Researchers attempted to determine whether the video game training would increase cognitive flexibility, and if so, the mechanisms behind the increase. Some, such as poking each other in the eye as a test of faith and potentially friendship, are perhaps less than spectacular, but nevertheless, avant-garde. We all have routines and they bring us a sense of predictability and even comfort. Paradoxical Intervention and Cognitive Flexibility. Cognitive retraining interventions also can be used to help individuals accommodate areas of dysfunction, even if underlying deficits do not change. This study recruited 36 individuals between the ages of 75 and 87. Practice thinking creatively. (2019) for some answers. This ability is generally considered part of the executive function of the brain. Results from a study published in 2009 suggest that aerobic exercise is an effective way to increase cognitive flexibility. Meet new people. If rats can learn how to drive, surely we humans can learn how to do something new. In a study published in 2002, researchers compared the effects of REM sleep to those associated with NREM (non-REM) sleep. It has been noted to improve stroke rehabilitation in rodents, particularly the aspects of motor and cognitive recovery. Students need explicit instruction and opportunities to practice the flexible thinking that will make the most of their brains' fertile adolescent development stage. Those with poor cognitive flexibility often have brain damage, substance abuse problems, or neurological conditions. Due to lack of long-term research with many of these compounds, it is unknown how long the increase in cognitive flexibility is sustained, and/or whether potential rigidity may result from consistent long-term administration of a specific drug. The elevations in testosterone may contribute to poorer cognitive flexibility indirectly via effects on the noradrenergic system or via some other mechanism. Researchers noted that administration of 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg to mice increased cognitive flexibility. American Pain Society. These difficulties impact many spheres of the educational experience: academic, social, emotional, and behavioral. Amitriptyline (Elavil) Withdrawal Symptoms + How Long Do They Last? Once again, it doesn’t have to be grand and you can combine #1 and #2 easily by discovering a part of your town you aren’t as familiar with and eating in a new restaurant. It is unknown as to how memantine administration would affect those without neurodegeneration and/or of normative psychological health. There are many benefits of omega-3 fatty acid intake, specifically DHA and EPA. Have you ever driven home from work and arrived there not quite remembering how you got there? Various antiglutamatergic drugs such as Amantadine have been shown to decrease impulsive behaviors among those with Parkinson’s and those without Parkinson’s. Here's the big deal. In addition it is also important to consider the fact that short-term increases in cognitive flexibility as a result of treatment do not account for long-term changes. For example, someone taking a drug like Memantine for mild forms of dementia may experience increased cognitive flexibility. Researchers speculate that the increased cognitive flexibility was a result of an increase in dopamine concentrations. Two subcategories of cognitive flexibility are task switching and cognitive shifting, depending on whether the change happens unconsciously or consciously, … Researchers controlled for age, gender, education, and psychomotor speed and noted that the only measure demonstrating significant improvement was cognitive flexibility. Researchers discovered that cognitive flexibility was associated directly with percentages of Clostridiales and Bacteroidales. Note: The author of this site is not engaged in rendering professional advice or services to the individual reader. L-Tyrosine is present in a variety of foods and is known as a monoamine precursor, converting to the neurotransmitter dopamine. You can also subscribe without commenting. Eventually we humans caught on, right? Public Fortunately, we are not bound by our rigidity and bias, even though the developmental trajectory is somewhat solidified by late childhood or early adolescence. Moreover, meditators were noted as significantly outperforming non-meditators on all attentional measures. Understand that the degree by which certain tactics increase cognitive flexibility is subject to significant individual variation. These include things such as: epigenetic influences, altitude changes, hormone changes, neurotransmitter imbalances, high stress, and illicit drugs. I shall not be liable or responsible for any loss or damage allegedly arising from any information or suggestions within this website. It also refers to the ability to process multiple concepts simultaneously such as the color and shape of an object or perspectives of republicans and democrats. A computer-based learning experience was developed using cognitive flexibility theory to overcome the pitfalls often encountered in existing medical education. (2016, May 14). Introduction. The acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) alters processing of negative feedback and reduces cognitive flexibility. The more advanced a person was with their meditation practice, the greater their cognitive flexibility on the Stroop test. High altitude: It appears as though altitude changes can influence cognitive flexibility. In animal studies, 5-HT abnormalities tends to cause rigidity of thinking and behavior. One easy way to possibly increase your cognitive flexibility would be to purchase L-Tyrosine, or eat foods that increase dopamine (most of them will contain Tyrosine). This is where cognitive restructuring techniques, which make up the rest of this guide, will come in handy. You, as a reader of this website, are totally and completely responsible for your own health and healthcare. Although the study was conducted in mice, it appears that gut microbes change when the mice were fed diets high in fat, and high in sucrose. 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A study published in 2013 discovered that individuals with low levels of cognitive flexibility also had high testosterone. Dysfunction of D2 signaling and low baseline dopamine may contribute to poorer cognitive flexibility. Therefore it is important to avoid jumping to conclusions with these substances based off of preclinical trials and non-human research. Keep in mind that all of the things that deplete cognitive flexibility are not necessarily yet known and/or documented by science. However, the research is clear. Actively engaging in working memory training with protocols like “Dual N-Back” should theoretically enhance cognitive flexibility due to rapid transitions in recall processing. If you want to improve your ability to rapidly shift your thinking between multiple concepts, consistent aerobic exercise is an effective method. It is well-known that the brain and gut are interconnected. Interventions for Cognitive Flexibility. While the researchers didn’t specifically measure cognitive flexibility, it could be suspected that cognitive flexibility may have increased as a result of the training. Alternatively, learn a new language, change jobs, or travel to a new place. It was noted that as the brain matures, the extracellular matrix decreases brain plasticity. Greater levels of cognitive flexibility will increase efficiency of brain functioning, help you solve complex problems, and understand new perspectives. To watch rats driving their special rat cars, you can see a small clip here. Regarding therapeutical efforts to improve cognitive flexibility among individuals with autism, the effects of direct EF interventions in ASD have presented mixed results, either positive or null (de Vries, Prins, Schmand, & Geurts, 2015). Research published in 2015 supports the idea that L-Tyrosine (an essential amino acid)... 2. Close. In addition to the aforementioned 7 techniques, there are several other methods that may increase cognitive flexibility in certain individuals. In a study published in 2007, researchers decided to analyze the effect of Mindfulness Meditation on cognitive flexibility and other elements of attention. Perhaps the high testosterone is a direct contributing factor to reduced cognitive flexibility in certain (violence-prone) individuals. Having greater cognitive flexibility confers a significant set of advantages, including being able to acquire and integrate new information rapidly, solve problems more creatively, quickly adjust responses to changing conditions, and inhibit automatic behavior. Before describing the results, I should warn you that capuchin monkeys are true innovators. If we think about the rats driving their cars, we can easily see how we can apply this to our own driving habits. 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