Pearson correlation coefficients between the items and the Overall scale, between the items and their corresponding subscales, and between the items and the other subscales of the SNAIS were calculated for the item analysis. We used a modified scale to encompass all social media use, not just Facebook. Yes the number of Facebook friends and the amount of time spent on Facebook in a typical day). Moreover, Jenkins-Guarnieri, et al (2013) standardized a scale on online social media use that assesses the daily routines of users, combination of the social behavior, along with the emotional connection and importance of to this use, but this scale is not suitable to measure our construct. Our survey did not involve endangered or protected species, and the study did not involve sensitive content related to students. First, the majority of them assessed online social networking use by simple or single-item measures (e.g. In the first subsample, the factor structure of the SNAIS was extracted by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using principal components extraction method and varimax rotation methods. Funding: This study was supported by the Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care research Postgraduate Students’ research Grants and CUHK research Postgraduate Student Grants for Overseas Academic Activities in the Chinese University of Hong Kong, and the study was also partially supported by National Science Foundation of China(No. A panel consisting of a behavioral scientist, two psychologists and an epidemiologist held several meetings and eliminated the overlapping items while combining others with similar meanings. Four additional students answered an open-ended question on whether there were any other types of online activities unmentioned. Five-point Likert scales were used, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). “This study focused on the impact of misinformation on social networking sites,” the co-authors wrote in their findings. We followed the study design of a number of published papers involving validation of scales among students [40–42], which have smaller sample sizes as compared to our study. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.87, and the test-retest intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.78. Therefore, no significant ceiling or floor effects were observed for the SNAIS and its two subscales. Duration of social networking use, number of days per week on average using social networking, amount of time per day on average spent on social networking, and number of social networking friends were all positively correlated with the SFUI (Spearman r = 0.26 to 0.38, all p<0.001), EFUI (Spearman r = 0.27 to 0.30, all p<0.001), and SNAIS (Spearman r = 0.30 to 0.40, all p<0.001) (Table 5). [2] The annual report of the China Internet Network Information Center estimated that there were 618 million Internet users, or “netizens” (45.8% of the total population) in China at the end of 2013, and a quarter (24.1%) of them were between 10–19 years old. The convenient sample method might cause selection bias, but as we studied factor structures, we believe that the bias would be smaller than that of prevalence/risk factors estimations. Participants were 200 adolescents aged 15 – 18 who use social media of whom 83 male and 117 female in Mojokerto, East Java, Indonesia. Therefore, the psychometric properties of SNAIS should be evaluated in a large representative sample in the future, as Internet penetration and behavioral patterns of social networking use may vary across geographic regions in China. Online social networking use has been integrated into adolescents’ daily life and the intensity of online social networking use may have important consequences on adolescents’ well-being. Data obtained from 910 (89.7%) students, who were social networking users, were used for data analysis. [39] The two constructs of the SNAIS would hence facilitate future investigations of variations between effects of the two main types of social networking use on mental health and other outcomes among adolescents. here. Background Online social networking use has been integrated into adolescents’ daily life and the intensity of online social networking use may have important consequences on adolescents’ well-being. The factor structure of SNAIS was also clearly established. All factor loadings exceeded 0.50 (Table 2), indicating that all items should be included in the confirmatory factor analysis. It was translated to English and back-translated to Chinese. Several such scales exist but they have some serious limitations. About 60% of the participants were male (59.2%) and about two thirds (64.1%) of them possessed a smartphone (Table 1). It also measures emotional connectedness to the social networking site. The participants performed online social networking mainly via personal computers (62.1%) and smartphones (24.0%). Recent . The following goodness of fit statistics and cutoff criteria were used to evaluate the factor structure model in the CFA: [34–36] χ2/df ratio<5.00, both Non-Normed Fit Index (NNFI) and Comparative Fit Index (CFI) >0.95, and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) <0.08. The top three purposes for using online social networking were to keep in contact with old friends (73.3%), entertainment (48.4%), and to make new friends (39.8%). Over 65.0% had used online social networking services for more than one year, and 11.0% of the social networking users were daily users in the last month. It only uses one item to assess intensity of social networking use. Its application may catalyze the development of relevant research on the impact of social networking use among adolescents in China and beyond. This is largely inadequate as adolescents usually engage in multiple types of social networking activities [6,22–24] (e.g. Facebook). It assessed social networking use intensity for specific functions, in which two constructs (social function and entertainment) emerged. New scale has been developed to measure the time use on the SNSs.The scale has good psychometric properties.The scale is very simple to use and administer. Social Media Use Integration Scale (SMUIS) The SMUIS (Jenkins-Guarnieri et al., 2013) was constructed to measure engaged use of social media, or “the degree to which social media is integrated into the social behavior and daily routines of users, and the importance of and emotional connection to this use” (p. 39). The literature has suggested that many adolescents use online social networking mainly for interactions with their “offline friends”. Participants were asked whether they currently possess any social networking account. We hypothesized that the SNAIS score would be correlated with external variables such as emotional connection to social networking, social networking addiction, Internet addiction and general characteristics of social networking use (e.g. Affiliations Respondent caegories according to intensity of use of social media Low Table 2. The 14 remaining items were written as questions:” How often have you performed the following online social networking activities in the last month?” Item response scale included six categories: 0 (never), 1 (few), 2 (occasional), 3 (sometimes), 4 (often) and 5 (always). Firstly, the EFUI subscale gave acceptable but relatively low internal (α = 0.60) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.67), as compared to that of the SFUI subscale. Search for: Tweets by @reyjunco. Furthermore, it only assesses attitudes towards Facebook but no other social networking platforms, while the majority of adolescents use multiple types of social media. The findings suggested that SNAIS could successfully discriminate intensive users from infrequent users. 3.1.8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165695.t001. We found acceptable internal and test-retest reliability of SNAIS. However, there are few validated instruments to measure social networking use intensity. Facebook Intensity Scale (Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2007). For instance, the Facebook Intensity Scale, [17] a commonly used instrument, [8,9,20] assesses the extent of one’s emotional connection to Facebook and integration between its use and one’s daily life. The 8-item Social Media Intensity Scale measures the intensity of one’s use by assessing the strength of their emotional attachment to their social media (Ellison et al., 2007). Study Shows that Intensity of Facebook Use Can Be Predicted by Reward-related Activity in the Brain Neuroscientists at Freie Universität Berlin show a link between reward activity in the brain due to discovering one has a good reputation and social media use № 243/2013 from Aug 28, 2013. No, Is the Subject Area "Schools" applicable to this article? Thus, it could assess individual social networking use intensity more thoroughly than those simple questions. As expected, the SNAIS and its subscale scores were correlated significantly with emotional connection to social networking, social networking addiction, Internet addiction, and characteristics related to social networking use. Tags: education, engagement, facebook, Facebook intensity scale, Facebook survey, higher education, methods, questions, Research, students, survey. Furthermore, 8.8% of the participants were classified as having Internet addiction (12.0% for males and 4.6% for females, χ2 = 13.84, df = 1; p<0.001) (Table 1). The results being that the correlations between items and their hypothesized subscales were high but those between items and other subscales were weak indicated good content validity for social function and entertainment function assessment related to social networking use. Firstly, data was acquired by self-reporting collection method, reporting bias might exist although the study was highly anonymous. It is also confined to a single platform (Facebook). Image Dimensions: 1060 x 575. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. In the present study, the word “Facebook” was replaced by “online social networking” for … An anonymous structured questionnaire was self-administered by the participants in the absence of teachers and in classroom settings, supervised by a well-trained field-worker of our research team. As a measure of quality control, 73 (6.7%) of the 1088 collected questionnaires with at least one measurement scale having >20% of its items missing were excluded from data analysis. All correlation coefficients between individual items and their respective subscale were higher than those between the same items and the other subscale (Table 3). Moreover, the results of the one-way ANOVA analysis showed that those who reported higher levels of duration of social networking use, number of days per week on average using social networking, amount of time spent on social networking in a typical day, and number of social networking friends, scored significantly higher in the SNAIS and its two subscales (all p<0.001, Table 6). Department of Clinical Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China, Affiliations In our sample, an exploratory factor analysis revealed a one-factor solution for this scale, explaining 60.0% of the total variance, and the factor loadings of the six items ranged from 0.73 to 0.85. To examine the factor structure of the SNAIS, the sample was randomly split into two subsamples of equal size. Intensity Scales Another type of scale focuses on the intensity of one’s social media use, such as how frequently they access social media, how long they spend on different platforms or their subjec-tive experiences of social media. Citation: Li J, Lau JTF, Mo PKH, Su X, Wu AMS, Tang J, et al. Furthermore, relationships between the SNAIS/subscales and general characteristics related to social networking use were tested by both Spearman correlation coefficients and one-way ANOVA to establish external validity. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China, Affiliation These suggested activities overlapped with the current 14 items (see Table 1). School consent and permission for the in-school survey was approved by school principals before the survey. [33] Internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, while test-retest reliability was evaluated by Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC). It measures the degree to which the Internet affects different aspects of one’s daily life. We have an agreement with the schools that data will not be used for non-research purpose, and release of the data to any other parties requires their approval. Book; Search. The development of SNAIS therefore adds value to existing tools. The test-retest findings demonstrated that the SNAIS and its two subscales were stable over time. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. As it was developed to assess social networking use intensity, it does not include other constructs such as emotional attachment. number of Facebook friends [15], average daily time spent on social networking [10], and frequency of use [16]), which fails to assess complex constructs of online social networking use. The Social Media Disorder scale was used to measure SMU problems (Van den Eijnden et al., 2016). No, Is the Subject Area "Adolescents" applicable to this article? The intensity of social media use as a general source of information has been measured by adapting the scale of Llodrà-Riera et al. The Facebook Intensity Scale is a tool used to measure Facebook usage, frequency, and duration. However, the leaflets with significance and logistics of the study was sent to the school principals and potential students together before several days of conducting the survey, and the students were suggested to approach the leaflets to their parents/caregivers for the information purpose as possible. No, Is the Subject Area "Facebook" applicable to this article? [1] Over 70% of the teenagers in the U.S. are users of social media. In order to further refine the existing items and response scale, individual interviews were conducted among 20 students. It is encouraging that the two identified factors of the SNAIS were positively correlated with traditional measures related to social networking characteristics (i.e. Similarly, the word “Facebook” was replaced by “online social networking” in the current study, and a translation and back-translation process was used. No incentive was given to the students. Table 1. The authors would like to give great appreciation to all participants and schools. Furthermore, there were no noticeable ceiling or floor effects. The SNAIS that was developed in the present study provided a new angle to measure online social networking use intensity as compared to those previous scales. Participants who provided five or more “yes” answers were classified as an Internet addiction case. [21] Furthermore, the study provided information on internal consistency without mentioning other psychometric properties. One of the key issues plaguing the existing studies on the use of the social networking sites (SNSs) is the lack of a uniform index for measuring the time spent on the sites. In particular, image-based social networking sites such as Instagram have become increasingly popular among adolescents and young adults. The confirmatory factor analysis was conducted by using Lisrel 8.70, while all other statistical analyses were performed by using SAS version 9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Coronavirus has uncovered the intensity of social networks. Despite its prolific use, the scale has been criticized by, among Two factors, Social Function Use Intensity (SFUI) and Entertainment Function Use Intensity (EFUI), were clearly identified by both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. It would facilitate more research in this field worldwide and specifically in the Chinese population. Multi-stage cluster sampling may be a better study design, and may require a larger sample size; future studies should use this design. Future revision of the scale may modify some items of EFUI to improve its internal reliability. Of the 910 participants, 44.4%, 40.2% and 15.4% were 7th, 8th and 9th grade students, respectively and 47.4% came from the urban school. Such a limitation could be addressed in future revision of the scale. Division of Behavioral Health and Health Promotion, The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, We examined its psychometric properties including internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity. English. Emotional connection to social networking was measured by six attitudinal items adapted from the Facebook Intensity Scale. In the present study, SNUI is defined as self-reported frequency of using multiple types of online social networking activities through multiple types of platforms in the last month. In the second subsample, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with maximum likelihood estimation was conducted to cross-validate the factor structure which was suggested by the EFA. [17] The Facebook Intensity Scale was developed to measure Facebook usage by incorporating both emotional connectedness to the site and its integration into one’s daily activities. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper. drop-out added will be distributed Social Network Time Use-Scale (SONTUS) questionnaire to measure the intensity of the use of social media but if the number is sufficienthen only 138 students (calculation of the Slovin formula) will be used as research sample. Adding additional items to the EFUI subscale may improve its reliability. : 81373021). Authors developing measuring minutes spent using the site and scales of social media use have focused mainly number of Facebook friends, although at lower on behavioral frequency of use (e.g., Ross et al., levels than correlations with the Facebook Use 2009), used inadequate measures such as single Intensity scale scores. Based on their comments, we removed the item response category of ‘occasional’, and thus a 5-point scale was used. The population size of the city was about 12.8 million (2012). Yes [38] A one-year longitudinal study revealed that Internet use for communication purposes was protective of depression, while the use for non-communicative purposes predicted depression and social anxiety. Supports Intensity Scale Trainers in their own words! For instance, a study from Yang et al [22] only covered four specific types of Facebook activities (electronic interactions, voyeurism, self-presentation, and gaming), while intensity of using two of these four types of activities was only assessed by a single item. For instance, FIS, one of the scales commonly used in previous studies, only applied two items to assess Facebook behaviors (i.e. The investigators constructed the scale specifically for use among emerging adults, though its items may also be applicable to other age groups. Share. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Furthermore, the results showed that the EFUI had a slightly higher correlation with Internet addiction as compared with that of the SFUI. Considering the dramatically increasing prevalence of social networking use among adolescents (90% prevalence in our sample), the development of the SNAIS would facilitate the progression of related studies investigating the effects of social networking use on psychosocial well-being among adolescents. The present study aims to develop the Social Networking Activity Intensity Scale (SNAIS) and validate it among junior middle school students in China. In contrast, the SNAIS mainly focused on the online social networking activities instead of confining to only one specific platform (e.g. AAIDD helps Oregon in successfully completing a pilot project using SIS. The percentage of respondents reporting maximum scores of the SFUI, EFUI, and SNAIS were 0.88%, 0.66% and 0.55%, respectively, while the percentage of participants reporting minimum scores of the SFUI, EFUI and SNAIS were 0.88%, 1.76% and 0.55%, respectively. Tags: education, engagement, facebook, Facebook intensity scale, Facebook survey, higher education, methods, questions, Research, students, survey. Yes Facebook). Result and discussion. [31,32] In our sample, the exploratory factor analysis revealed a one-factor solution for this scale, explaining 37.8% of the total variance, and the factor loadings ranged from 0.46 to 0.69. [3] Of these “netizens”, 48.8% were social media users, while 28.8% of the social media users were between 10–19 years old (2012). [12] Furthermore, studies conducted among college students found no significant association between amount of time spent on social networking and depression.[13,14]. Ellison, N.B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (in press). The survey was conducted in October of 2013 in Guangzhou, the capital city of Guangdong province located in southern China. Conceptually, FIS mainly evaluated the individual’s attitudes towards Facebook to reflect the degree of emotional connection to Facebook. Details. Online social networking, as a new phenomenon, allows users to create individual public profiles and share information about himself/herself with a large number of people. There were a total of 11-grade 7 classes, 11-grade 8 classes, and 5-grade 9 classes. Despite the ubiquity of social media use and growth of research in the area, few studies have examined the relationship between various types of social media use, sense of belonging and psychological wellbeing, while controlling potentially influential variables. PLoS ONE 11(10): One widely used scale that Over the last ten years, social media has become an integral facet of modern society. Further elaborations and refinements are warranted. With verbal informed consent, 1088 students participated in the study, representing a response rate of 93.3%. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165695.t002. It is thought that the school principals were responsible for students during the school time, and their informed consent would be enough on behalf of junior middle school students for the school-based study. The results showed that the SNAIS had acceptable psychometric properties. duration of social networking use, number of days per week using social networking on average, time spent on social networking on a typical day, and number of social networking friends). The single item related to intensity of use is inadequate and no testing of psychometric properties such as factor structure and internal reliability was possible. The second 4-item factor explained an additional 8.7% of the total variance, and was named the “Entertainment Function Use Intensity (EFUI)” subscale. This study aims to examine the association between the influence of FoMO on the usage intensity of Social Media by adolescents. e0165695. Moreover, based on the results of one-way ANOVA, individuals who reported longer duration use, more frequent use, longer time spent in a typical day, and having more friends on online social networking were found to have higher scores of SNAIS and its two subscales as compared to those in the corresponding lower categories. One of the most prominent measures being used in research is the Facebook Intensity Scale developed by Ellison Steinfield and Lampe (2007). The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.86 and the test-retest intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.84. Jenkins-Guarnieri, Wright, and Johnson (2013) suggested another scale, the Social Media Use Integration Scale … Yes We pro-pose a novel mathematical model, the Hawkes Intensity Pro- It has acceptable psychometric properties and is easy to be self-administered by junior middle school students. The developed SNAIS is a comprehensive inventory with acceptable psychometric properties. Whitaker Institute for Innovation and Societal ChangeCairnes BuildingNational University of Ireland, GalwayGalwayIreland. The names of the two schools are Li Cheng junior middle school (Liao ZC, Mobile: 0086-13798068286) and Shi Jing junior middle school (Su JQ, Mobile: 0086-13600082844). In the present study, the word “Facebook” was replaced by “online social networking” for assessing extent of emotional connection. Search for: Tweets by @reyjunco. The present study aims to develop the Social Networking Activity Intensity Scale (SNAIS) and validate it among junior middle school students in China. Yes To gauge the impact of online social networking use among adolescents, it is warranted to develop validated instruments to assess online social networking use intensity (SNUI). The Multidimensional Facebook Intensity Scale (MFIS) assesses different levels of In order to maximally ensure confidentiality and protect participants from personal information disclosure, the survey applied anonymous approach, and the data analyzed anonymously. Division of Behavioral Health and Health Promotion, The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, Descriptive statistics (e.g. with three items, based on the intensity of interaction with the brand (how much content about the tourist destination did you see on social media? Therefore, raw data will be made available upon request and approval of the schools’ principals and the investigators. Emotional connection to social networking was measured by six attitudinal items adapted from the Facebook Intensity Scale. [29,30] The scale has commonly been used in Chinese student populations and shown acceptable validity and reliability. [6] However, the directions of the associations between intensity of social networking use and health outcomes are inconsistent. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. To gauge test-retest reliability, 114 students from the school in the urban area completed the same questionnaire after two weeks. The present study developed a scale of online social media use that measures the integration of the social behavior and daily routines of users, along with … The 14-item scale was pilot tested among 77 secondary school students who were social networking users. Answers obtained included “chatting with strangers”, “online shopping”, and “reading/searching materials”. The first 10-item factor explained 42.2% of the total variance, and was named the “Social Function Use Intensity (SFUI)” subscale. The benefits of Facebook ‘‘friends:’’ Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Is the Subject Area "Internet addiction" applicable to this article? The statement of the novel coronavirus as a pandemic was an invitation to battle for governments to make a dire and quick move. Given the large scale of use of social media, there is a lack of research analysing the influence of multiple social media on brand equity (Schivinski and Dabrowski, 2015; Keller, 2016; Gürhan-Canli et al., 2016). Primary use / Purpose: The Facebook Intensity scale is used to measure Facebook usage beyond simple measures of frequency and duration, incorporating emotional connectedness to the site and its integration into individuals’ daily activities. Results of factor analysis yielded a two-factor solution (Social Function Use Intensity and Entertainment Function Use Intensity), which reflects two different but important behavioral patterns related to social networking activities among adolescents. No, Is the Subject Area "Psychometrics" applicable to this article? A literature review on online activities and related measures on social networking use was conducted. The test-retest intra-class correlation coefficients were 0.87, 0.67, and 0.85 for two subscales and the Overall scale, respectively. The study hence used a convenience sampling design. On May 18, 2020. Information on scoring and administering the FBI can be found at the link below. this measure indicate a higher risk for disordered eating. Floor and ceiling effects were considered present if more than 15% of respondents possessed the minimum or maximum score of the SNAIS. In contrast, the EFUI presented slightly stronger correlations with Internet addiction (Pearson r = 0.23, p<0.001) as compared to that of the SFUI (Pearson r = 0.18, p<0.001) (Table 4). [5], With the high penetration rate, it is important to examine reasons and health outcomes of online social networking among adolescents. Secondly, participants were conveniently recruited from only two junior middle schools in one city (i.e. means, standard deviation, and percentage) were presented when appropriate. Recent . (2016) Validation of the Social Networking Activity Intensity Scale among Junior Middle School Students in China. The study appeared in Online Information Review. Globally, Internet-based technology has increased dramatically during the past decade. The Multidimensional Media Influence Scale (MMIS; Cusumano & Thompson, 2001). The SNAIS and its two subscales exhibited acceptable reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.89, 0.90 and 0.60, and test-retest Intra-class Correlation Coefficient = 0.85, 0.87 and 0.67 for Overall scale, SFUI and EFUI subscale, respectively, p<0.001). Ten years, social media measurement guide - what, why, -. Personal computers ( 62.1 % ) when appropriate dependent on the impact of misinformation social... Psychometric properties effects of Internet use Chinese University of Hong Kong more in. Networking activities instead of confining to only one specific platform ( e.g of modified Mercalli intensity SNAIS positively... Few minutes research Ethics Committee of the Chinese University of Hong Kong YDQ ), status )! Authors would like to give great appreciation to all participants and schools, reporting bias might exist the! Two factors with eigenvalue larger than one s attitudes towards Facebook to the... 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