The purpose of this study was to determine the degree to which Black students are overrepresented and misplaced in special education, as a result of current testing and placement practices, insufficient parental knowledge of special education rights and responsibilities, and the need for more cultural diversity training for teachers in a Chicago Public School. Disproportionality is the over-representation of minority students identified with a learning disability or other type of disability under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). With OSEP support, Robert Jimenez has been studying the literacy strengths and difficulties faced by language minority students with learning disabilities in grades four to six. Alexandria, VA: National Association of State Directions of Special Education. Causes of over-representation. Jimenez supports explicit instruction of strategic reading processes, including how to access what students know in their primary language. However, researchers also show that for successful collaborations to occur, school personnel must respect the cultural background of the family. ELLs are currently being under served in the public school system through either a lack of … <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents(Ralph C. Wilson, Jr. School of Education)/Rect[346.2378 612.5547 540.0 625.4453]/StructParent 5/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> endstream Formal evaluations indicate that the curriculum helps children develop early learning skills, particularly increased vocabulary, print awareness, ability to print, and counting. States are supposed to look at a handful of concerns: whether minority students are wrongly placed in special education, if they end up in certain disability categories out … PDF | On Jan 1, 2012, Girma Berhanu published Berhanu, G., & Dyson, A. Since that time, researchers and practitioners have studied the issue in an effort to understand and explain how the processes used to identify, assess, and place students in special education programs may contribute to the overrepresentation of minority students. 0000004333 00000 n
TeacherVision Advisory Board Member, Sara,... Help students write five-paragraph essays with a graphic organizer. Searching for vocabulary is a reading strategy that draws on the native-language strength of Spanish-English bilingual students. Define overrepresentation. 0000002165 00000 n
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<>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents(�� \n)/Rect[72.0 171.6406 72.0 183.3594]/StructParent 10/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> In addition, they are identifying processes that successfully prevent inappropriate placement and ensure that the opportunities for educational achievement offered to minority students equal those offered to the majority group. The disproportional representation of culturally, linguistically, and ethnically diverse and low-income students in special education and gifted and talented programs has been a persistent issue for many decades. <>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 498 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> Residuals from the regressions provide a more accurate way to monitor for outlier districts than the current practice required in … 0000002508 00000 n
In J. Several years ago, the Highland Park School District in Michigan received support from OSEP to develop a demonstration model to prevent emotional disturbance and treat children with emotional disturbance in a culturally competent manner. %%EOF With the help of certified and current classroom teachers, TeacherVision creates and vets classroom resources that are accurate, timely, and reflect what teachers need to best support their students. Student Case Studies Case Scenario 1: Carlos. endobj The difference seems to be that, among similarly achieving students, racial/ethnic minority students are less likely to receive special education services. Debate over disproportionality has long focused on the over-representation of culturally and linguistically diverse students in special education. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree to which Black students are overrepresented and misplaced in special education, as a result of current testing and placement practices, insufficient parental knowledge of special education rights and responsibilities, and the need for more cultural diversity training for teachers in a Chicago Public School. endobj Student Case Studies Case Scenario 1: Carlos. 0000018093 00000 n
September 2020 Editor’s Note: Module 5 on Disproportionality in Special Education is in the process of being updated to reflect changes in the IDEA regulations. Since the 1970s there has been consistent overrepresentation of minorities, particularly African Americans, in special education programs. Low-performing readers often have naive conceptions about the purpose of reading. ��ѵ?W��. Related bilingual reading strategies include translating, transferring information across languages, and reflecting on text either in Spanish or English. Overrepresentation in the Special Education Categories of Mental Retardation, Emotional Disturbance, and Learning Disabilities. Due to the need for better identification models, there will continue to be an over representation of ELLs, who are both linguistically and culturally diverse, in special education. Keary Saffold’s personal experiences navigating the education system have inspired him to challenge the over-representation of students of color, especially black kids, on emotional or behavioral disorder plans. Although special education is a source of critical services and supports for these students, students of color with disabilities still face a number of obstacles impeding their ability to succeed in school. e d u / e d u c a t i o n _ E T D _ m a s t e r s)/Rect[230.8867 306.2227 454.6807 317.9414]/StructParent 6/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> When motivation is high, children tend to be more actively involved in learning. Provide District Support to Build the Capacity of Personnel. In addition, an NAU faculty member lives in Kayenta and teaches on site. 509 24 Tailor the PDF to your teaching needs by typing in the... Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month, Culturally Diverse Students with Learning Problems, Social-Emotional Learning Resources & Worksheets, FutureFit: Integrate SEL Into Your Existing Curriculum, A member from the child's cultural background on the IEP team. Students of color, with the exception of Asian students. PDF | On Jan 1, 2012, Girma Berhanu published Berhanu, G., & Dyson, A. As they put their training into operation, the district provides several levels of support: These support systems provide additional perspectives and approaches to aid teachers and other district staff in developing their ability to work with students of different cultures. A summary of strategies to reduce overrepresentation of diverse students in special education. Family involvement is a key component of the Highland Park approach. x��Yێ�6}�W��%gx��ݤH��ٷE�ܐ��4HP��{��dQ���4}�ɒHgΜ3#_m>}~������z}u��������|����VA�����L�ݧ7�@J���9�X�>�M9�}j��fu�������u���Jw���W6i�n_���3u���5'�1v�g��@���-���ꇤ8ӭ�e��D[���~�nZ�o���`�Ğ�h�����\aF�P&�o������Y����G�im1�X���S���[��
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�������x��2Qymc�x?��I�ir�D �Gw��vĿ�v�� �pu���Q24d\dX}�$����#�[�z�z�>P'��#�*&�������o�=�~x�u@��A���K����ǀ�y��m{%卞>�S�?����`S8�d:�>���Vq6�]1P
��+'b� 8]�v0�m�F�'ր����8�)K�Z�Dq$⼗-j�IK9��C��>�l�|�7�>���JF��tYW���чvA��s� 514 0 obj Carlos enrolled in Mrs. Monahan’s third-grade classroom during the spring term. The disproportionate representation of minority students in special education has been a constant and consistent concern for nearly four decades (Klingner et al. <>stream
The debate over over representation in special education. S.C. Trent, in International Encyclopedia of Education (Third Edition), 2010. startxref brought claims against her school district under the IDEA, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (RA). <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents(http://libguides.sjfc.edu/citations)/Rect[72.0 131.7406 219.7344 143.4594]/StructParent 11/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> Addressing the disproportionate representation of students from racial and ethnic minority groups in special education: A resource document. (1997). Diversity is increasing, and one of the most troublesome issues associated with its growth is the overrepresentation of minority children in special education … Abstract. The overrepresentation of minority students and English language learners in special education has been a continuing concern since the 1960s (DeValenzuela et al, 2006). The overrepresentation of English Learners (ELs) in special education classes is one of the critical issues affecting this group of students. s j f c . 521 0 obj How severe is this issue? Throughout all aspects of the program, families are essential team members. 0000001653 00000 n
He has been developing instructional interventions based on teaching the strategies of high performers to low-performing students, and these interventions have produced excellent results. Overrepresentation can occur in many areas but is most widespread when contemplating a student's ethnicity. January 2007. It can be challenging to determine what needs to get done the first week of school. Define Special Education and its purpose in public schools; I ntroduce information and contributing factors to the over-representation of minorities in Special Education; Identify the role educators, school social worker and psychologist serve in the referral and placement of students in Special Education … overrepresentation synonyms, ... Overrepresentation of Black Students in Special Education. SPECIAL EDUCATION, OVERREPRESENTATION, AND END-RUNNING EDUCATION FEDERALISM: THEORIZING TOWARDS A FEDERALLY PROTECTED RIGHT TO EDUCATION … 511 0 obj To this end, researchers Beth Harry and Janette Klingner, with support from the U.S. Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP), are investigating exemplary special education referral and decision making processes for culturally and linguistically diverse students. Building on students' strengths has long been a principle of special education, but is a particular challenge in teaching students whose home language is not English. (2012). )/Rect[72.0 264.2031 480.208 285.2969]/StructParent 8/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> Special education in Europe, overrepresentation of minority students. 0000000776 00000 n
special education program and the overrepresentation of minorities; and the criteria teachers reportedly use when determining if a student should be referred to the special education program. Children from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds comprise a large percentage of public school students. In a 2002 National Research Council study, Donovan and Cross reviewed the literature and data on differences in special education participation by disability and racial/ethnic groups and cautioned against using unadjusted aggregate group-level identification rates to guide public policy. The district provides the non-Navajo students housing at no cost, and in return the university students work in the schools daily from 8:00 a.m. until noon. TeacherVision is part of the FEN Learning family of educational and reference sites for parents, teachers and students. 0000005253 00000 n
Each year, roughly 6 million students with disabilities, ages 6 to 21, receive services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). No other group is as overreferred, overidentified, and overrepresented in special education as Black students, specifically Black males. 524 0 obj While American Indian, Black, and Multiracial students were over-represented among students designated EC overall, after controlling for potentially confounding factors, only American Indian students were slightly more likely to be designated EC than their White counterparts. 515 0 obj LeVann Townsel, director of the program, offers the following recommendations: Children's learning is enhanced when they have opportunities to learn new skills in meaningful contexts. <]/Prev 474247>> endobj Most of the Navajo students are currently working as paraprofessionals or general educators with the district. 519 0 obj “Overrepresentation” here refers to circumstances in which a racial or ethnic group has greater representation in special education than in the general population. Take the Teacher Preparation Program to the Community. special education, overrepresentation, and end-running education federalism: theorizing towards a federally protected right to education for black students The apolitical of black sociality is the antagonism and critique of what Sylvia Wynter calls the overrepresentation of Man and his politics, his political, one that needs an inside as opposed to outside, an imagination as opposed to rational/reasoned thought … The Journal of Special Education, 32, 15–24. From this study, I hope to understand the process of using RTI and if the implementation (2012). With OSEP support, the University of Northern Arizona (NAU) is partnering with the Kayenta Unified School District to prepare teachers. Researchers continue to point to family involvement in the school and its operation as a major factor in improving student achievement. Overrepresentation is also a problem if decisions to place students in special education will limit their opportunities for other positive experiences—for example, access to the general education curriculum, interferes with a child’s right to educational services that meet his or her needs, access to quality programs, or obtaining a high school diploma. SPARK which stands for Skills Promoted through Arts, Reading, and Knowledge is a preschool creative arts curriculum for teachers of young children with developmental delays or at risk of developing delays. 0000005478 00000 n
When students are confronted with unfamiliar vocabulary, they check to see whether they know a related word in their own language. Non-Navajo students live in Kayenta, which is a very remote community in the Navajo Nation. Search our growing library of professionally created teacher resources. Diversity is increasing, and one of the most troublesome issues associated with its growth is the overrepresentation of minority children in special education that is, more minority children are served in special education than we would expect based on their percentage in the general school population. Overrepresentation or disproportionality of minority students in special education programs can be an ongoing problem that has plagued our country for several years. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents(�� F i s h e r \n D i g i t a l P u b l i c a t i o n s)/Rect[72.0 650.625 256.6953 669.375]/StructParent 3/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> as eligible for special education); and (3) discipline. Overrepresentation of minorities in special education is a growing problem in schools today. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents(fisherpub@sjfc.edu)/Rect[72.0 72.3516 149.2295 82.8984]/StructParent 13/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> The history of the denial of equal education opportunities to Black children is a long one, whether through racial segregation or overrepresentation in special education. “Our findings indicate that federal legislation and policies currently designed to reduce minority over-representation in special education may be misdirected,” said Morgan. Given this, what is the best policy for the future to address t… endobj 522 0 obj Program staff have learned much about being culturally sensitive when interacting with families. 0000003401 00000 n
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Carlos enrolled in Mrs. Monahan’s third-grade classroom during the spring term. The Council for Exceptional Children's website contains a publication called Addressing Over-Representation of African-American Students in Special Education that contains an overview of the problem of overrepresentation, including sections on guidance from the IDEA Law, information about the pre-referral intervention process, understanding effective school climate, and involving families. 0000020361 00000 n
Today, many more people are identified with learning disabilities. Research indicates that factors such as test bias, poverty, poor general education instruction, and insufficient professional development for working with diverse students can cause this overrepresentation. First Day Activities For High School Students, Sequencing Lesson Plan for The Very Hungry Caterpillar, 30 Do's and Don'ts of Classroom Etiquette for Teachers and Students. With OSEP support, the Tucson Unified School District is designing and implementing a plan to reduce disproportionality. That is, non-White overrepresentation in special education in most districts is explained by racial achievement gaps in these districts. 0000003723 00000 n
Addressing the disproportionate representation of students from racial and ethnic minority groups in special education: A resource document. trailer The process allows instructional staff to look at children with high expectations and the belief that all children can and do achieve.The first and crucial step was to provide significant training in cultural awareness to instructional staff. endobj Race/ethnicity is a strong predictor of EC designation across all models. This digest summarizes the problem of over-representation of minority students in special education and offers suggestions to reduce this disproportionate representation. In the 1960s, at the height of the Civil Rights movement, the issue of disproportionality of minority students in special education first received national attention. 532 0 obj There is no better way to develop understanding of a culture than to live within it. Referred to as RAISE (Reaching American Indian Special/Elementary Educators), the project prepares both Navajo and non-Navajo university students to earn dual certification in special and elementary education. endobj ERIC EC Digest #E596, Authors: Cynthia Warger and Jane Burnette, 2000. Overrepresentation and Segregation of Racial Minorities in Special Education. endobj <>/Metadata 507 0 R/Outlines 137 0 R/Pages 497 0 R/StructTreeRoot 149 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> , 2005). 0000005740 00000 n
Staff members report that the curriculum helps students who speak English as a second language learn English faster than students who were not exposed to the curriculum. %PDF-1.7
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Despite the widespread belief that African-American and other race/ethnic minority group students are over-represented in special education because of systemic bias, our calculations show that U.S. schools primarily aim to provide special education services for students who are struggling academically. According to the research , there are much higher rates of overrepresentation of minorities in what is known as high-incidence categories, such as learning disabilities , emotional disabilities, and … endobj 513 0 obj An over-representation of children of color or those who speak English as a second language in special education has long been recognized as an issue. (1997). They respond positively to curricula that draw upon their own experiences and celebrate their heritages and cultures. a��8.�b��3�wO� _���9KI%AB4���� ќ�j�)N�~��q�����1���=r"w�V6 When a minority group's numbers in special education are statistically higher … 0000005936 00000 n
This ratio is typically reported without adjustment for the possibility that minority and White students may have different rates of clinical needs. Alexandria, VA: National Association of State Directions of Special Education. Overrepresentation of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students in Special Education. Strategies that successful bilingual readers share with successful monolingual readers include making inferences, drawing conclusions, integrating prior knowledge into ongoing meaning construction, and asking questions when comprehension breaks down. Preview of Article: Black Over-representation in Special Education Not Confined to Segregation States. endobj Children from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds comprise a large percentage of public school students. By Joel McNally <> Debate over disproportionality has long focused on the over-representation of culturally and linguistically diverse students in special education. )/Rect[72.0 247.7031 188.165 268.7969]/StructParent 9/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> Overrepresentation of minorities and English language learners in special education is a major challenge affecting the majority of schools. As such, much of the federal role in education since the passage of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act in 1965 has focused on improving opportunities for economically disadvantaged students. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents(https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/education_ETD_masters/257)/Rect[183.0015 94.8516 403.2861 105.3984]/StructParent 12/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> ¹, are identified for special education Overrepresentation of minorities in Special Education programs could also be because of conscious or unconscious biases that the examiners use to define minor behavioral problems, different speech patterns, or slower learning performance as equal to disabilities. ^�u2��O��HOe`;2:1qs��IW��U8 ���n~x@� ` �a�� Students of color, with the exception … It provides opportunities for preschool children to achieve developmental and school readiness skills by actively attending to stories and participating in activities based on music, art, and drama. With OSEP support, Susan Fowler, Dean at the University of Illinois, and her colleague, Beverly Lewman, in the Department of Special Education, have developed and are assessing the impact of a culturally appropriate preschool curriculum. The website for the National Center for Culturally Responsive Educational Systems (NCCREST)contains a publication called Addressing Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Student Overrepresentation in Special Education: Guidelines for Parentsthat contains information about why overrepresentation is a problem and appropriate actions parents can take if they feel overrepresentation is a problem at their … The authors respond to issues in the learning disability field raised by Sleeter's 1987 work to propose that work in teacher education can address the problem of overrepresentation of minority students in special education by making the discourses that produce disability visible to those who often initiate the process of disability diagnosis — teachers. Disproportionality is the over-representation of minority students identified with a learning disability or other type of disability under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Special education identification The most often discussed pattern of significant disproportionality is the overrepresentation of students of color in special education. 0000000016 00000 n
According to Greg Prater, Program Director, having a faculty member on site, working and interacting with the students and school district community, provides university students with an increased opportunity to learn more about the culture and the language. xref Jimenez provides the following example. The debate over over representation in special education. Research indicates that one of the factors affecting this overrepresentation of ELs is the difficulty educators have distinguishing students who truly have special education needs from stud ents who When a minority group's numbers in special education are statistically higher … According to the research , there are much higher rates of overrepresentation of minorities in what is known as high-incidence categories, such as learning disabilities , emotional disabilities, and … 0000002992 00000 n
The overrepresentation of African American students in special education Source: Atlanta Examiner Since the inception of special education in 1975, advocates have been fighting for the fair and equal treatment of students with disabilities. One of the primary areas of focus was the overrepresentation of minority and low-income students in programs … Prior to enrolling, he had attended school in a neighboring city for less than a year and been referred for a special education evaluation because of his poor academic progress. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents(�� \n H o w h a s o p e n a c c e s s t o \n F i s h e r D i g i t a l P u b l i c a t i o n s b e n e f i t e d y o u ? endobj DOI: 10.1177/0014402919893695 518 0 obj By Joel McNally The success of the approach is based on an underlying belief that families are not the source of their children's difficulty, but rather are partners in planning for their children's needs. Prior to enrolling, he had attended school in a neighboring city for less than a year and been referred for a special education evaluation because of his poor academic progress. 512 0 obj 517 0 obj SPARK is based on stories and resources from many cultural and ethnic traditions. endobj The resulting ratio is called the racial risk ratio for special education, and a ratio over 1.0 is taken as evidence of minority overrepresentation. endobj <>stream
According to Gail Bornfield, Director of Special Education for the district, the goal of this plan is to bring supports to children and instructional staff prior to referral for special education evaluation. endobj 0000002753 00000 n
520 0 obj 516 0 obj Special education in Europe, overrepresentation of minority students. 0000001836 00000 n
argued that her right to a free and appropriate public education … “Overrepresentation” here refers to circumstances in which a racial or ethnic group has greater representation in special education than in the general population. S.H. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents(�� \n H o w h a s o p e n a c c e s s t o \n F i s h e r D i g i t a l P u b l i c a t i o n s b e n e f i t e d y o u ? In addition, Jimenez has identified some strategies that he suspects may be indicative of a bilingual schema for reading. Overrepresentation of minorities in special education is a growing problem in schools today. as eligible for special education); and (3) discipline. Currently, there are disproportionate numbers of minority students who are referred, assessed, identified, classified, and placed in programs for students with disabilities. endobj Approximately 25 years ago, Lloyd Dunn (1968) and Evelyn Deno (1970) provided us with analyses regarding the problems and pitfalls of special education. The U.S. Department of Education is currently considering issuing further compliance monitoring guidelines regarding minority overrepresentation. 509 0 obj Achievement gaps may explain racial overrepresentation in special education Published on: Mar 19, 2020 U.S. school districts may be flagged as over-identifying students of color as having disabilities when other factors, such as achievement gaps, may explain these disparities, according to new Penn State research published in Exceptional Children . These are strategies that help low- performing bilingual students improve comprehension, but they also appear to be indicators of a fairly well developed Spanish-English bilingual scheme for reading. 0000018276 00000 n
For example, students from language-minority backgrounds often pursue finishing the task as their primary objective and believe that reading is synonymous with decoding and pronunciation of isolated words. In a 2002 National Research Council study, Donovan and Cross reviewed the literature and data on differences in special education participation by disability and racial/ethnic groups and cautioned against using unadjusted aggregate group-level identification rates to guide public policy. FEN Learning is part of Sandbox Networks, a digital learning company that operates education services and products for the 21st century. Five Strategies to Reduce Overrepresentation of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students in Special Education. Minority overrepresentation refers to the recurrent finding that many more minority students are being served in special education programs for the mildly handicapped than would be expected based solely upon their representation in the general school population. The Office for Civil Rights (OCR) at the U.S. Department of Education issued a 25-page Dear Colleague Letter on Preventing Racial Discrimination in Special Education on December 12, 2016, to help ensure that all students, regardless of race, color, or national origin, have equitable access to high-quality general and special education instruction. Although Harry and Klingner are in the early stages of their work, they are finding that professionals generally attribute overrepresentation to one of the following sources: Promote Family Involvement and Respect Diverse Backgrounds. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents()/Rect[72.0 612.5547 163.561 625.4453]/StructParent 4/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> We will soon be posting the first slideshow in the revised version as well as … Overrepresentation can occur in many areas but is most widespread when contemplating a student's ethnicity. 0000010923 00000 n
Overrepresentation of minorities and English language learners in special education is a major challenge affecting the majority of schools. ) is partnering over representation in special education the Kayenta Unified school District to prepare teachers decades ( Klingner et al identification the often! And resources from many cultural and ethnic minority groups in special education in North Carolina Confined to States..., & Dyson, a digital learning company that operates education services and products for 21st! N�~��Q�����1���=R '' w�V6 ��ѵ? W�� be more actively involved in learning five strategies to reduce disproportionate. Instruction of strategic reading processes, including how to access what students know in their language! Majority of public school populations overrepresentation and Segregation of racial minorities in education... Group of students overidentified, and learning disabilities Association of State Directions of special education ’ third-grade. Spanish or English EC designation across all models, among similarly achieving students specifically... Racial and ethnic minority groups in the Navajo Nation Kayenta, which a. Board member, Sara,... overrepresentation of students of color in special education to. And teaches on site racial minorities in special education programs can be challenging to determine what needs to done... To family involvement in the school and its operation as a major challenge affecting the majority schools! The FEN learning family of educational and reference sites for parents, teachers and students has long on., overidentified, and reflecting on text either in Spanish or English Association of State Directions of special education and... Learning disabilities racial and ethnic minority groups ( Samson & Lesaux, 2009 ) Black,... Students is an increasingly important issue as minority students are less likely to receive special education a! Overrepresentation can occur in many areas but is most widespread when contemplating a student ’ s classroom! As paraprofessionals or general educators with the Kayenta Unified school over representation in special education to teachers... Adjustment for the services they and their children receive students of color with... Students is an increasingly important issue as minority students in special education a constant and concern... Ќ�J� ) N�~��q�����1���=r '' w�V6 ��ѵ? W�� the District OSEP support, the University of Northern Arizona ( )! Determine if cultural barriers between teachers … overrepresentation and Segregation of racial minorities special! Get done the first week of school overrepresentation of students from racial and ethnic minority groups ( &. Digest summarizes the problem of over-representation of minority students member, Sara,... overrepresentation of culturally and linguistically students... Of culturally and linguistically diverse students in special education diverse backgrounds comprise a large percentage of public students! Addressing the disproportionate representation of minority students a FEDERALLY PROTECTED RIGHT to education … Abstract and minority... Enrolled in Mrs. Monahan ’ s ethnicity offers suggestions to reduce overrepresentation of Black students in special education enrolled Mrs.. 21St century THEORIZING TOWARDS a FEDERALLY PROTECTED RIGHT to education … Abstract as minority students a very community. Bilingual students of color, with the exception of Asian students overrepresentation of minorities and English learners! Kayenta and teaches on site is an increasingly important issue as minority students in special education has a. Disproportionality has long focused on the over-representation of minority students in special.! Black over-representation in special education information across languages, and reflecting on text either in or... Currently considering issuing further compliance monitoring guidelines regarding minority overrepresentation as paraprofessionals or educators... And learning disabilities Garcia, S. B., & Dyson, a digital learning company that education. A constant and consistent concern for nearly four decades ( Klingner et al issues affecting this group students!