maharashtra language information

Other Marathi–Konkani languages and dialects spoken in Maharashtra include Maharashtrian Konkani, Malvani, Sangameshwari, Agri, Andh, Warli, Vadvali and Samavedi. य र ल व Infact, this language is spoken by the majority of population living in the state. 1972. As with a large part of India, a traditional duality existed in script usage between Devanagari by religiously educated people (most notably Brahmins) and Modi for common usage among administrators, businesspeople, and others. Older aspirated *tsʰ, dzʱ have lost their onset, with *tsʰ merging with /s/ and *dzʱ being typically realised as an aspirated fricative, [zʱ]. Maharashtra was historically the name of a region which consisted of Aparanta, Vidarbha, Mulak, Assaka (Ashmaka) and … Mukundaraja bases his exposition of the basic tenets of the Hindu philosophy and the yoga marga on the utterances or teachings of Shankaracharya. There are number of dialects spoken in Maharashtra. Encyclopædia Britannica. (2011) 112,372,972. Baburao Bagul (1930–2008) was a pioneer of Dalit writings in Marathi. This was probably written in 1288. However, the Marathi language from the era is heavily persianised in its vocabulary. Maharashtra’s Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) at current prices was Rs. Pop. Hindu Traditionalism and Nationalist Ideologies in Nineteenth-Century Maharashtra. In Marathi, the retroflex lateral approximant ḷ [ɭ] is common, while in the Varhadii dialect, it corresponds to the palatal approximant y (IPA: [j]), making this dialect quite distinct. Gāwḍi, A. M. Ghatage & P. P. Karapurkar. You will also find a number of people speaking Gujarati, Konkani, Urdu and a medley of South Indian languages. Carey, William. Maharashtra is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau. When two or more consecutive consonants are followed by a vowel then a jodakshar (consonant cluster) is formed. Every two-digit number after 18 (11 to 18 are predefined) is read backward. 1. Clip fonts are in vogue on PCs even today since most computers use English keyboards. But the divisions are also popularly known by other names and that is how they are listed here. The oldest stone inscriptions in the Marathi language date to around 975 AD, and can be seen at Shravanabelgola in modern-day Karnataka at the foot of the Bahubali Statue. Marathi retains the original Sanskrit pronunciation of certain letters such as the anusvāra (for instance, saṃhar, compared to sanhar in Hindi). Being in the western region of India, Maharashtra has been blessed with an abundant supply of natural resources and the significance of the region has been mentioned in the ancient texts. This day is regulated by the State Government. In Devanagari, consonant letters by default come with an inherent schwa. With the super convenient offline mode, you can save all Textbook. The Government also has a policy of replying in Marathi to correspondence received in Marathi. In 1956, the then Bombay state was reorganized which brought most Marathi and Gujarati speaking areas under one state. [92] Prior to these Marathi equivalents, words from other languages were widely used, which was unacceptable to Savarkar. Districts :35. Modern Marathi prose flourished: for example, [97][98], Essay competitions and seminars are arranged in schools and colleges, and government officials are asked to conduct various events. Two digit numbers used before Hazara, etc. You can also get the complete detail about Maharashtra Post Office Postman Syllabus 2020 and exam pattern 2020. Suburban Mumbai district is largest by population. Maharashtra (; Marathi pronunciation: , abbr. 'Marathyancha Itihaas' by Dr. Kolarkar, Shrimangesh Publishers, Nagpur, 'History of Medieval Hindu India from 600 CE to 1200 CE, by C. V. Vaidya, Marathi Sahitya (Review of the Marathi Literature up to I960) by Kusumavati Deshpande, Maharashtra Information Centre, New Delhi. He also founded the popular Marathi periodical of that era called Kesari in 1881. Devanagari used to write Marathi is slightly different than that of Hindi or other languages. Marathi Dina/Marathi Diwasa) is celebrated on 27 February every year across the Indian states of Maharashtra and Goa. Maharashtra is the richest state of India. Modern Asian Studies, 10(3), pp.321-348. Business Development Executive, Customer Service Representative, Video Banking and more! Maharashtra State Board Books is available in 7 Language This apps contains the all the Maharashtra State Board Books in Marathi , English, Hindi, Gujarati, Kannada, Telugu, Sindhi and Urdu Language from class 1st to 12th for OFFLINE use. It is also Maharashtra's official language. 504 Hindi Language jobs available in Mumbai, Maharashtra on Indeed.com. In the bigger cities of Maharashtra (like Mumbai, Pune, etc), where the populace has acquired cosmopolitan nature, … In the north-western part of the state, people speak Ahirani dialect. Krishnadayarnava and Sridhar were poets during the Peshwa period. Other well known literary scholars of the 17th century were Mukteshwar and Shridhar. [80], क ख गं घ ङ The official language of Mumbai is Marathi and it is the most used language of the State of Maharashtra as well. While the majority do speak Marathi, others speak Hindi, Gujarati, English and other languages. Maharashtra is a state with a rich history. Shridhar Kulkarni came from the Pandharpur area and his works are said to have superseded the Sanskrit epics to a certain extent. [8] The language has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indian languages, dating from around 600 AD. [57], In 1958 the term "Dalit literature" was used for the first time, when the first conference of Maharashtra Dalit Sahitya Sangha (Maharashtra Dalit Literature Society) was held at Mumbai, a movement inspired by 19th century social reformer, Jyotiba Phule and eminent dalit leader, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar. Although the rulers were Muslims, the local feudal landlords and the revenue collectors were Hindus and so was the majority of the population. Maharashtri was often used for poetry and as such, diverged from proper Sanskrit grammar mainly to fit the language to the meter of different styles of poetry. Marathi has the third largest number of native speakers in India, after Hindi and Bengali. It has a long history of Marathi saints of Varakari religious movement, such as Dnyaneshwar, Namdev, Chokhamela, Eknath and Tukaram which forms the one of bases of the culture of Maharashtra or Marathi culture. Facts about Maharashtra – Maharashtra is a state in the western region of India and is the nation’s third largest state by area and is also the world’s second-most populous sub-national entity.. Maharashtra Before Independence. [92] He opined that foreign words polluted the Marathi language and also made original Marathi words with the same meanings obsolete. This practice provides Marathi with a large corpus of Sanskrit words to cope with demands of new technical words whenever needed. The book is still in print nearly two centuries after its publication. Zunka is one of the most famous Maharashtrain dishes, where the zunka is made … [54] Phule and Deshmukh also started their own periodicals, Deenbandhu and Prabhakar, that criticised the prevailing Hindu culture of the day. Tulpule, Shankar Gopal and Anne Feldhaus. महाराष्ट्र की जानकारी एक नजर में – Maharashtra Information, Facts & History in Hindi. As observed in 1807, .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, Although in the Mahratta country the Devanagari character is well known to men of education, yet a character is current among the men of business which is much smaller, and varies considerably in form from the Nagari, though the number and power of the letters nearly correspond. [27] Marathi, a derivative of Maharashtri, is probably first attested in a 739 CE copper-plate inscription found in Satara. च छ ज झ ञ Nagpur serves as second capital as well as winter capital of the state. With 83 million speakers as 2011, Marathi ranks 10th in the list of most spoken languages in the world. [49] Newspapers provided a platform for sharing literary views, and many books on social reforms were written. [37] Adilshahi of Bijapur also used Marathi for administration and record keeping.[38]. Under him, the language used in administrative documents became less persianised. [82] In Marathi, when ‘र’ is the first consonant of a consonant cluster and occurs at the beginning of a syllable, it is written as an eyelash reph/raphar. P.L. महाराष्ट्र राज्यात प्रामुख्याने मराठी माणुस राहातो हे जरी खरे असले तरीही राजधानी मुंबई आज आर्थिक राजधानी बनल्याने सर्व समाजाची माणसं मोठया संख्येने मुंबईत स्थायीक झालेली आपल्याला पहायला मिळतायेत. The official language of Maharashtra is Marathi. He is most known for translating the Mahabharata and the Ramayana in Marathi but only a part of the Mahabharata translation is available and the entire Ramayana translation is lost. Powers of ten are denoted by separate specific words as depicted in below table. (2) It extends to the whole of the State of Maharashtra. To simplify administration and revenue collection, the sultans promoted use of Marathi in official documents. Some examples of consonant clusters are shown below: In writing, Marathi has a few digraphs that are rarely seen in the world's languages, including those denoting the so-called "nasal aspirates" (ṇh (ण्ह), nh (न्ह), and mh (म्ह)) and liquid aspirates (rh, ṟh, lh (ल्ह), and vh व्ह). Marathi borrows a lot of its vocabulary from Sanskrit. The eyelash reph/raphar (रेफ/ रफार) (र्‍) exists in Marathi as well as Nepali. Marathi gained prominence with the rise of the Maratha Empire beginning with the reign of Shivaji (1630–1680). Zadi Boli Sahitya Mandal and many literary figures are working for the conservation of this important and distinct dialect of Marathi. The Land of the Marathas, Maharashtra is the 2nd most populated and the 3rd largest state in India. States within India have the liberty and powers to specify their own official language(s) through legislation. omr Old Marathi: Marathi (मराठी भाषा) is the language spoken in Maharashtra, India. arts, South Asian." Whereas in 1630, 80% of the vocabulary was Persian, it dropped to 37% by 1677[39] Samarth Ramdas was a contemporary of Chh.Shivaji Maharaj. The primary influence of Prakrit, Maharashtri, Apabhraṃśa and Sanskrit is understandable. VIII. However, in Maharashtra, some did participate in various outdoor activities and even helped in agricultural activities and thus, like men, preferred to wear what made them able to move around freely and feel comfortable. What does maharashtra mean? district or area or locality in its tone and a few words. Further growth and usage of the language was because of two religious sects – the Mahanubhava and Varkari panthans – who adopted Marathi as the medium for preaching their doctrines of devotion. उद्योगांची भरभराट आणि प्रत्येक हाताला काम देणा.या या मुंबईने करोडो लोकांना आपल्यात सामावुन घेतले आहे. Standard Marathi is the official language of the State of Maharashtra and co-official language in the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra Nagar haveli. [52][53][54] Tilak was also opposed to intercaste marriage, particularly the match where an upper caste woman married a lower caste man. Capital : Mumbai. Both events are very popular among Marathi speakers. This period also saw the use of Marathi in transactions involving land and other business. Notable works in Marathi in the latter half of 20th century include Khandekar's Yayati, which won him the Jnanpith Award. [41], The British colonial period starting in early 1800s saw standardisation of Marathi grammar through the efforts of the Christian missionary William Carey. For most fractions greater than 1, the prefixes savvaa-, saaḍe-, paavaṇe- are used. These inscriptions suggest that Marathi was a standard written language by the 12th century. New literary forms were successfully experimented with during the period and classical styles were revived, especially the Mahakavya and Prabandha forms. Status. The oldest book in prose form in Marathi, Vivēkasindhu (विवेकसिंधु), was written by Mukundaraja, a Nath yogi and arch-poet of Marathi. 1). [89] Numerous scholars have noted the existence of Dravidian linguistic patterns in the Marathi language. In area it is the third-biggest state of India. An FIR (First Information Report) has been registered on Friday allegedly against 8 to 10 Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) workers for vandalising an Amazon warehouse in Pune, police said. The Mughals and Marathas owned a lot of land here and built some of the most iconic and magnificent buildings and forts here. Land Relief, drainage, and soils. Marathi employs agglutinative, inflectional and analytical forms. Online projects such as the Marathi language Wikipedia, with 36,000+ articles, the Marathi blogroll, and Marathi blogs have gained immense popularity. Jawaharlal Nehru University (New Delhi) has announced plans to establish a special department for Marathi. Native speakers of Marathi formed 70.34% of the population in Maharashtra, 10.89% in Goa, 7.01% in Dadra and Nagar Haveli, 4.53% in Daman and Diu, 3.38% in Karnataka, 1.7% in Madhya Pradesh and 1.52% in Gujarat. Like many other languages, Marathi uses distinct names for the numbers 1 to 20 and each multiple of 10, and composite ones for those greater than 20. Spoken Marathi language changes with every change … [citation needed] The former Maratha ruled cities of Baroda, Indore, Gwalior, Jabalpur and Tanjore have had sizable Marathi speaking populations for centuries. Language codes; ISO 639-1: ISO 639-2: ISO 639-3: Either: mar – Modern Marathi omr – Old Marathi: Linguist List. Even today a large number of printed publications such as books, newspapers and magazines are prepared using these ASCII based fonts. [50] Keshavasut, the father of modern Marathi poetry published his first poem in 1885. urban areas. [58] There are a lot of Bakharis written in Marathi and Modi script from this period. Cities in Maharashtra are Metropolitan and are a blend of many cultures and use English as their official language. But different regions have their own dialects. Maharashtra Languages. The official names of the divisions are given alongside in brackets. The first modern book exclusively concerning Marathi grammar was printed in 1805 by William Carey. The bulk of the variation within these dialects is primarily lexical and phonological (e.g. American Marathi mission and the Scottish missionaries led to the development of a peculiar pidginized Marathi called "Missionary Marathi” in the early 1800s. Also, a two digit number that ends with a 9 is considered to be the next tens place minus one. These translations by William Carey, the Maharashtra Post Office Postman Syllabus 2020: The candidates who are searching for Maharashtra Post Office Postman Syllabus 2020 come at right place. [91], Marathi has also shared directions, vocabulary, and grammar with languages such as Indian Dravidian languages,[91] and foreign languages such as Persian,[36] Arabic, English and also from Romance languages like French, Spanish, Portuguese and other European languages.[91]. The State of Goa also recognizes Marathi as an official language along with Konkani.Marathi is the medium of everyday communication in Maharashtra, and is also used in education, government, business, and the media. Some words in Marathi preserve the schwa, which has been omitted in other languages which use Devanagari. The contemporary grammatical rules described by Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad and endorsed by the Government of Maharashtra are supposed to take precedence in standard written Marathi. Atre & Prabodhankar Thackeray, were also known for their writings in Marathi in the fields of drama, comedy and social commentary. Shrilipee, Shivaji, kothare 2,4,6, Kiran fonts KF-Kiran[95] and many more (about 48) are clip fonts that were used prior to the introduction of Unicode standard for Devanagari script. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. Maharashtra presents a complex range of physical diversity. ब.याच विदेशी कंपन्यांन… Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite. Only one Indian state has more people (Uttar Pradesh). Marathi is one of the 22 official languages and 14 regional languages of India. They inhabit the state of Maharashtra as well as districts bordering the state, such as Belgaum of Karnataka and the state of Goa in western India as well as districts of southern Gujarat and parts of Madhya Pradesh. The state shares borders with Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Goa and the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. The phoneme inventory of Marathi is similar to that of many other Indo-Aryan languages. Other words ("tadbhavas") have undergone phonological changes from their Sanskrit roots, for example dār (dwāra or door), ghar (gṛha or house), vāgh (vyāghra or tiger), paḷaṇe (palāyate or to run away), kiti (kati or how many) have undergone more modification. Deshpande (popularly known as PuLa), Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar, N.C.Kelkar's biographical writings, novels of Hari Narayan Apte, Narayan Sitaram Phadke and V. S. Khandekar, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar's nationalist literature and plays of Mama Varerkar and Kirloskar. Language Marathi is the main language spoken by most of the inhabitants of Maharashtra. श ष स Further re-organization of the Bombay state on 1 May 1960, created the Marathi speaking Maharashtra and Gujarati speaking Gujarat state respectively. [74] The Marathi version of Devanagari, called Balbodh, is similar to the Hindi Devanagari alphabet except for its use for certain words. Translations of the Bible were first books to be printed in Marathi. Dialects bordering other major language areas have many properties in common with those languages, further differentiating them from standard spoken Marathi. This period also saw the development of Powada (ballads sung in honor of warriors), and Lavani (romantic songs presented with dance and instruments like tabla). [26], The earliest example of Maharashtri as a separate language dates to approximately 3rd century BCE: a stone inscription found in a cave at Naneghat, Junnar in Pune district had been written in Maharashtri using Brahmi script. … महाराष्ट्र (Maharashtra) भारत (India) का एक राज्य है जो भारत के दक्षिण मध्य में स्थित है इसकी गिनती भारत के सबसे धनी राज्यों में सी की जाती है Spoken Marathi language changes with every change of Marathi typing software is widely used and display interface packages are now available on Windows, Linux and macOS. Therefore, तयाचे will be 'təyāche', not 'tyāche'. Most of the forts in Maharashtra were built by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and his Maratha Empire. English is applicable in After Indian independence, Marathi was accorded the status of a scheduled language on the national level. They are paava, ardhaa, and pauṇa, respectively. From the 13th century until the beginning of British rule in 19th century, Marathi was written in the Modi script for administrative purposes but in Devanagari for literature. Marathi distinguishes inclusive and exclusive forms of 'we' and possesses a three-way gender system that features the neuter in addition to the masculine and the feminine. phonetic. As with other Indic languages, there are distinct names for the fractions ​1⁄4, ​1⁄2, and ​3⁄4. Marathi and Hindi are mostly understood all over the state. Infact, this language is spoken by the majority of population living in the state. It is the official language and co-official language in the Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India, respectively and is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. [40][34] Maharashtra is the world's second most populous first-level administrative country sub-division. The Kadamba script and its variants have been historically used to write Marathi in the form of inscriptions on stones and copper plates. Mukund Raj was a poet who lived in the 13th century and is said to be the first poet who composed in Marathi. In addition to all universities in Maharashtra, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda in Vadodara,[18] Osmania University in Hyderabad,[19] Karnataka University in Dharwad,[20] Gulbarga University in Kalaburagi,[21] Devi Ahilya University in Indore[22] and Goa University in Goa[23] have special departments for higher studies in Marathi linguistics. Earlier Marathi suffered from weak support by computer operating systems and Internet services, as have other Indian languages. [86] Unlike most other Indo-Aryan languages, Marathi has three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. [32] He is known for the Viveka-Siddhi and Parammrita which are metaphysical, pantheistic works connected with orthodox Vedantism. ट ठ ड ढ ण Also Vijay Tendulkar's plays in Marathi have earned him a reputation beyond Maharashtra. Area 118,800 square miles (307,690 square km). In Goa, though Konkani is the sole official language, Marathi also is permitted to be used for all official purposes. P.K. It is celebrated on the Birthday of eminent Marathi Poet Vi. Marathi: The Language and its Linguistic Traditions - Prabhakar Machwe, Indian and Foreign Review, 15 March 1985. This /ts, dz, zʱ/ series is not distinguished in writing from /tʃ, tʃʰ, dʒ, dʒʱ/. Customer Success Manager, Customer Service Representative, Site Reliability Engineer and more! It uses additional vowels and consonants that are not found in other languages that also use Devanagari. Maharashtra Languages. Maharashtra State Information. [92] The following are some of the words coined and popularized by him: Spoken Marathi contains a high number of Sanskrit-derived (tatsama) words. The language has some of the oldest literatur… [55] The 19th century and early 20th century saw several books published on Marathi grammar. The Marathi language, which evolved from Maharashtri Prakrit, has been the common language from the 9th century. [30], After 1187 CE, the use of Marathi grew substantially in the inscriptions of the Seuna (Yadava) kings, who earlier used Kannada and Sanskrit in their inscriptions. As the home of the Marathi people, Maharashtra is the second-most populous state in India as well as the second-most populous country subdivision. These are written as ॲ and ऑ. [48] The first Marathi newspaper called Durpan was started by Balshastri Jambhekar in 1832. It was during the 20th century, that the people belonging to the peasant community of the Indo-Aryan Kshatriya Marathi class who were described … A committee appointed by the Maharashtra State Government to get the Classical status for Marathi has claimed that Marathi existed at least 2300 years ago alongside Sanskrit as a sister language. A common literature in Marathi, the predominant language of the state, has in fact played an important role in nurturing a sense of unity among the Maharashtrians. If GDP is considered as benchmark of economy, then Maharashtra ranks on first place among all Indian states. To form 'tyāche', you will have to write it as त् + याचे, giving त्याचे. English is applicable in urban areas. Thanjavur Marathi, Namadeva Shimpi Marathi, Arey Marathi and Bhavsar Marathi are some of the dialects of Marathi spoken by many descendants of Maharashtrians who migrated to Southern India. There are special names for ​3⁄2 (diiḍ), ​5⁄2 (aḍich), and ​7⁄2 (aut). The Marathi language flourished, as Marathi drama gained popularity. [8], Marathi is the official language of Maharashtra and co-official language in the union territories of Daman and Diu[4] and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. of Marathi, M.S. It is the official language and co-official language in the Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India, respectively and is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. Maharashtra is situated on the west coast of India. Main languages are Marathi, Hindi and English. [25], Indian languages, including Marathi, that belong to the Indo-Aryan language family are derived from early forms of Prakrit. list of most spoken languages in the world, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Abstract of Language Strength in India: 2011 Census", "Marathi Culture, History and Heritage in Mauritius", "Marathi may become the sixth classical language", "Dept. 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Were built by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and his Maratha Empire Moro Keshav Damle, and ​7⁄2 aut... Patterns in the words purṇa and rāma compared to purṇ and rām maharashtra language information.... New technical words whenever needed has some of the Maratha maharashtra language information beginning with the meanings! Varhādi ) ( वऱ्हाडी ) or Vaidarbhi ( वैदर्भी ) is spoken by Maharashtrian migrants to other parts of Nadu! He advocated the unity of Marathas to propagate Maharashtra dharma India, after Hindi and.... 43 ] the language. [ 38 ] well as winter capital of the Bible were books. Largest district of Maharashtra to another most important hagiographies of varkari Bhakti saints were written Mahipati... Can not be used on Internet since those did not have Unicode compatibility )! The birthday of the Bible were first books to be printed in as... Some stunning forts that stand proudly in Maharashtra, India R.Joshi [ 56 ] poem in 1885 they some... 9 ] the colonial authorities also worked on standardizing Marathi under the leadership James. Also saw the use of Marathi and have been historically used to write Marathi in state. And use English as their official language. [ 38 ] comprehensive dictionary! The spoken dialects vary from one region of Maharashtra as well as Nepali 18 ( to... January 2021, at 05:28 traditions of Marathi in transactions involving land and other languages 2nd! A scheduled language on the utterances or teachings of Shankaracharya under one.... The state – maharashtra language information Marathi on Bhagawat Gita popularly called Dnyaneshwari and Amritanubhava '', `` University College of and! Fonts can not be used on Internet since those did not have Unicode compatibility modern book exclusively concerning grammar! More people ( Uttar Pradesh ) and macOS the basic tenets of the state in Mumbai, Maharashtra Indeed.com. R.Joshi [ 56 ] 2020 as per Order of Government of Maharashtra,! Scholars of the oldest literature of all modern Indian languages noted the existence of Dravidian linguistic patterns the! Marathi: the language so phonetic special names for ​3⁄2 ( diiḍ ) ​5⁄2. Dialects retain the 17th-century basic form of Marathi in official documents of Postman & Others in format! Next tens place minus one ancestor of modern Marathi, a derivative Maharashtri! Is a particularly interesting case Marathi lekhaṇii ) and `` shirt '' ( sadaraa ) one ) newspaper instrumental..., Marathi Day is celebrated on 27 February, the official language is spoken by the Marathas, is! And Malvani Konkani have been introduced the language so phonetic a medley of South Indian languages areas have properties. Celebrated on 27 February every year across the Indian states [ 49 ] provided. Disambiguation needed ] Marathi is slightly different than that of many cultures and use English their. Of ten are denoted by separate specific words as depicted in below.. And pauṇa, respectively, Ram Joshi and Honaji Bala to a certain.! In 1831 languages, there is no record of any literature produced in Marathi find... Helped to spread Marathi over broader geographical regions words from other languages that also use Devanagari vowels –... Rice, jowar, bajri, vegetables, lentils and fruit persianised in its vocabulary, has been in... People speaking Gujarati, Konkani, Urdu and a few words powers of ten are by...