Pharmacologyonline 2006;2:290-298. Her work is regularly featured in media such as First For Women, Woman's World, and Natural Health. When buying lemongrass essential oil, check for its Latin names, Cymbopogon citratus or Cymbopogon flexuosus. The leaves of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) were dried using three different drying methods (sun-drying for 36 h, shade-drying for 48 h and oven-drying at 45 °C for 7 h). Lana Butner, ND, LAc, is a board-certified naturopathic doctor and licensed acupuncturist in New York City. Do not exceed the recommended dosage; the oil is absorbed by the skin and toxicity may occur. Then, fixed cells were incubated with 1 mg/mL propidium iodide (PI) (Invitrogen, USA) in PBS at room temperature for 30 min. After 48 h, the cells were harvested and lysed with ice-cold lysis buffer containing 150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 1 mM EDTA, 1% NP-40, 5 mM sodium orthovanadate, and protease inhibitor cocktail (BD Biosciences, USA) to extract the total protein. The results indicated that camphene, valerianol, and epi-α-muurolol can be used to differentiate the essential oils obtained from the culms versus the leaves of lemongrass. A proapoptosis effect of the polysaccharide fraction of C. citratus has also been demonstrated [20]. Although the composition of C. citratus essential oil was previously reported, the differences in the essential oils obtained between the culms and leaves of lemongrass have been compared in very few studies. The EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are considered an emerging class of targeted therapeutic agents for the treatment of NSCLCs [3]. Briefly, A549 cells were seeded in 6-well plates at a density of 2.5 × 105 cells/mL for 24 h and then treated with or without essential oils. This oil can be used in food preservation systems to inhibit the growth of moulds and retard subsequent mycotoxin production. Identification of components was achieved based on their retention indices and by comparison of their mass spectral fragmentation patterns with those stored on the MS library (NIST 08, Wiley 09). The essential oil of the plant is used in aromatherapy. The HLL induced apoptosis and cycle arrest in A549 cells according to flow cytometric analysis and fluorescent nuclear staining assays. Approximately 98% of lung cancers are carcinomas or tumors derived from transformed cells of epithelial lineage [2]. In the present study, the chemical compositions of essential oils from lemongrass grown in different regions of Vietnam were evaluated. J Clin Diagn Res. In contrast, the contents of citronellol and ocimene isomers were significantly higher in culm oil than in leaf oil. Essential oils were extracted from the culm and leaf of Cymbopogon citratus collected from different regions of Vietnam and analyzed using GC/MS. The cells were stained with Hoechst 33342 solution (2′-[4-ethoxyphenyl]-5-[4-methyl-1-piperazinyl]-2,5′-bi-1H-benzimidazole trihydrochloride trihydrate) at a concentration of 5 μg/mL at 37°C for 30 min in the dark. Cell cycle analysis was measured by a Novocyte 2000 flow cytometer (ACEA Biosciences Inc, USA) with 10,000 events per sample and analysis by NovoExpress software. The dilution rate should be no lower that one part essential oil to four parts of carrier oil.. Updated April 2019. Annexin-V and PI staining for apoptosis detection was performed using an FITC Annexin-V/Dead Cell Apoptosis Kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Invitrogen, USA). Flow cytometry showed that HLL strongly induced apoptosis (Figure 1) at two of the investigated concentrations after 48 h. Apoptosis was induced in 35.14% of A549 cells (32.12% in early apoptosis and 3.02% in late apoptosis) after 1 μg/mL HLL treatment. The cells were cultured at 37 C in RMPI1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin in a 5% CO2 incubator. All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Lemongrass essential oil may ease stomachaches, nausea, diarrhea, and ulcers. BACKGROUND: Cymbopogon citratus and Allium cepa essential oils (EOs) are rich in terpenes and sulfur compounds respectively, both with antibacterial activity and different cell targets, supporting the idea that their combination can increase their efficacy. The results from the present study might aid in differentiating the essential oils originating from the culms or leaves of C. citratus. Therefore, the cell cycle in A549 cells was significantly blocked at the sub-G1 phase. The Ha Loc leaf essential oil (HLL) exhibited the most potent effects on A549 and H1975 cells, with IC50 values of 1.73 ± 0.37 and 4.01 ± 0.30 μg/mL, respectively. Cymbopogon citratus, Stapf (Lemon grass) is a widely used herb in tropical countries, especially in Southeast Asia. Int J Nanomedicine. The essential oil was obtained by hydro-distillation of the leaves dried by every treatment, and was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/mass instruments. The results showed that citral is the major component accounting for 61.20%–76.46% of the essential oils. Citral (neral and geranial) was identified as the most abundant component accounting for 61.20%–76.46% of both essential oils. However, lemongrass is milder, sweeter and less sour compared to lemons. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Internal use of lemongrass essential oil may have toxic effects.. Meanwhile, C. nardus dried using oven drying methods obtained 9.40% of percentage yield of crude essential oil [30]. Evaluation of toxicity of essential oils palmarosa, citronella, lemongrass and vetiver in human lymphocytes. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is the gold standard for analyzing the quality of essential oils, and brands that use it typically advertise that in their product descriptions. The data strongly suggested that the intrinsic pathway may play an important role in the apoptotic effects of HLL. For the study, participants used as a shampoo and cream containing lemongrass essential oil three times a week or a cream containing 2% ketoconazole (a medication used to treat fungal infections) twice a day. A 2015 study found lemongrass essential oil may help fight dandruff. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2015/14465.6581, De souza M, Vieira A, Beserra F, Pellizzon C, Nóbrega R, Rozza A. Gastroprotective effect of limonene in rats: influence on oxidative stress, inflammation and gene expression. Skin Cafe 100% Natural Essential Oil – Lemongrass 10ml. 2015;9(10):ZC13-7. The obtained oils were stored at −5°C until use. Both necrosis and apoptosis are forms of cell death but are associated with different morphological characteristics. 2015;22(4):226-9. doi:10.1159/000432407, Madeira P, Carvalho L, Paschoal M, et al. The viability of cells was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. Thereafter, the membranes were probed with the indicated primary antibodies (Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3, 1 : 1,000 dilution) overnight at 4°C. Limonene, another flavonoid in lemongrass, is shown to reduce inflammation and knock out bacteria in scientific research. Lemongrass essential oil also contains terpenes, saponins, alkaloids, steroids, myrcene, citronellal, nerol, and geraniol. Citral (neral and geranial), the major component of C. citratus essential oil, was reported to have cytotoxic activities against various human leukemia cell lines and to induce apoptosis in leukemia cells by activating procaspase-3 [21]. Camptothecin was used as a positive control. The 8 Best Essential Oils for Sleep of 2021, The Many Benefits of Orange Essential Oil, Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of, Essential oils' chemical characterization and investigation of some biological activities: a critical review, Lemongrass () essential oil demonstrated anti-inflammatory effect in pre-inflamed human dermal fibroblasts, Efficacy of 0.25% lemongrass oil mouthwash: a three arm prospective parallel clinical study, Gastroprotective effect of limonene in rats: influence on oxidative stress, inflammation and gene expression, Anti-dandruff hair tonic containing lemongrass (cymbopogon flexuosus) oil, In vitro effects of lemongrass extract on candida albicans biofilms, human cells viability, and denture surface, Design and formulation of a topical hydrogel integrating lemongrass-loaded nanosponges with an enhanced antifungal effect: in vitro/in vivo evaluation, Treatment of pityriasis versicolor with topical application of essential oil of cymbopogon citratus (DC) stapf - therapeutic pilot study, Effect of lemongrass aroma on experimental anxiety in humans, Isolation of bioactive compounds that relate to the anti-platelet activity of cymbopogon ambiguus, Antidiarrhoeal activity of cymbopogon citratus and its main constituent citral, Investigation of the mechanisms underlying the gastroprotective effect of cymbopogon citratus essential oil, Evaluation of toxicity of essential oils palmarosa, citronella, lemongrass and vetiver in human lymphocytes, How to use essential oils safely - general safety guidelines. 1) [44, 45]. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. The third abundant compound, geraniol, has been reported to display significant anticancer activity via different signaling pathways [25, 26]. A549 cells treated with HLL at concentrations 0, 1, and 10. This effect was significantly increased at the 10 μg/mL concentration, with apoptosis occurring in 64.29% of cells (57.87% early apoptosis and 6.42% late apoptosis). Cymbopogon citratus is a plant commonly used as a spice by the people in Indonesia. In particular, camphene, … The cytotoxic effects of the essential oils were mediated by induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the lung cancer cells. Inhaling the aroma of lemongrass essential oil or absorbing it through the skin is said to transmit messages to the brain's limbic system, a region that influences the nervous system. As part of an ongoing search for biologically active natural products from Vietnamese plants, we found that the essential oils of C. citratus grown in Phu Tho province exerted potent cytotoxic activities against various cancer cell lines [16]. Effects of HLL on the expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, and procaspase-3 in A549 cells. A total of 20 μg proteins were separated by 12% SDS-PAGE and then transferred to a PVDF membrane (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc). This species is one of the main sources of essential oils used for medicinal purposes. Duong Thu Trang, Thi Kim Van Hoang, Thi Thu Minh Nguyen, Pham Van Cuong, Nguyen Hai Dang, Hong Duyen Dang, Trung Nguyen Quang, Nguyen Tien Dat, "Essential Oils of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf) Induces Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in A549 Lung Cancer Cells", BioMed Research International, vol. Dose-response curves were generated, and the concentration that caused 50% growth inhibition (IC50) was calculated. The split injection mode was 1 : 142, the detector temperature 270°C, and the injection volume 0.1 μL. The MS interface temperature was 270°C, MS mode, EI detector voltage 1300 V, and mass range 40–400 Da at 1.0 scan/s. Updated December 5, 2017. Essential oil of Cymbopogon winterianus, mixed with 5% vanillin, gave 100% repulsion against Aedes aegyptiCulex quinquefas, -ciatus and Anopheles dirus for 6 h [22]. Following washing, the membrane was incubated with corresponding secondary antibodies at room temperature for 2 h. The signals were detected using the enhanced chemiluminescence kit (GE Healthcare, UK). Investigation of the mechanisms underlying the gastroprotective effect of cymbopogon citratus essential oil. However, several of its chemical components have been found to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, antidepressant, and sedative qualities.. Biochim Open. The dried herbs are then ground into Code of federal regulations-title 21, part 182-substances generally recognized as safe. Some individuals may experience irritation when applying lemongrass oil to the skin. There is limited scientific evidence to support this use, but anecdotal evidence suggests it can be effective. Apoptotic effect of HLL at different concentrations (0, 1, and 10, Cell apoptosis observed by Hoechst 33342 staining. A 2006 study found the essential oil may slow intestinal motility, helping to reduce diarrhea, while a 2012 study shows it can prevent gastric ulcers.. Lemongrass, Cymbopogon citratus, Hydrodiffused, Haiti Species: Cymbopogon citratus, fam. 289-752-0 EINECS No. The results … Protein lysates were centrifuged at 22,000 ×g for 10 min at 4°C. The compounds identified in Cymbopogon citratus are mainly terpenes, alcohols, ketones, aldehyde and esters. However, previous studies indicated that this compound exhibited weak cytotoxicity against different cancer cell lines [22–24]. Review articles are excluded from this waiver policy. Food Chem Toxicol. Protein concentration in the supernatants was determined using the Bradford method. The Kim Duc culm (KDC) essential oil exerted the strongest cytotoxic effects against H1650 cells, with an IC50 value of 4.86 ± 0.29 μg/mL. The fresh, citrusy scent of its essential oil can be inhaled, or diluted oil can be applied to hair or skin. Cymbopogon citratus leaf contains high composition of essential oil (Fig. A549 cells were plated in 6 cm plates and allowed to attach for 24 h and then treated with or without essential oils for 48 h. Only adherent cells were harvested and then washed twice with ice-cold PBS. Results are given as the mean standard error of the mean (SEM). The lemongrasses (C. citratus) were freshly collected in four regions including Hy Cuong, Ha Loc, Lam Thao, and Kim Duc of Phu Tho province in April 2017. We will be providing unlimited waivers of publication charges for accepted research articles as well as case reports and case series related to COVID-19. Statistical analyses were performed with GraphPad Prism 6.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA). We conducted experiments to assess the miticidal and ovicidal efficacy of lemongrass oil against Sarcoptes mites collected from naturally infected rabbits in China. Conversely, the KDC displayed the strongest cytotoxic effect against the EGFR mutation plus TKI-resistance mutation H1650 cells, with an IC50 value of 4.86 μg/mL, and HCL presented the strongest effect against the H1299 cells with an IC50 value of 2.45 μg/mL (Table 2). Treatment with HLL dose-dependently increased the proportion of A549 cells in the sub-G1 phase from 0.96% to 1.27%, and 51.07% after treatment with 0, 1, and 10 μg/mL HLL, respectively (Figure 3). 2015;10:893-902. doi:10.2147/IJN.S74771, Carmo E, Pereira Fde O, Cavalcante N, Gayoso C, Lima Ede O. Aromatherapy. Lemongrass, C. citratus essential oil is obtained from the aerial parts of the plant. Biological Definition Cymbopogon Citratus Leaf Oil is an essential oil obtained from the leaves of the Lemon Grass, Cymbopogon citratus, Poaceae. Moreover, apoptotic bodies were found clearly after 48 h treatment of 10 μg/mL HLL. 2011;2011:467134. doi:10.1093/ecam/nep213. U.S. Food And Drug Administration. Cathy Wong is a nutritionist and wellness expert. The number of compounds found in culm oil (28–40 compounds) was higher than that in leaf oil (19–31 compounds). Duong Thu Trang and Hoang Thi Kim Van contributed equally to this work. In addition, some flavonoids and phenolics, terpenes, alcohols, and ketones have been identified in the plant [13–15]. Taken together, our data indicated that HLL effectively induces apoptosis in A549 cells. The findings from the present study suggest that the essential oils of lemongrass have potential in cancer prevention. Design and formulation of a topical hydrogel integrating lemongrass-loaded nanosponges with an enhanced antifungal effect: in vitro/in vivo evaluation. An ethanol extract of lemongrass exhibited significant anticancer properties in lymphoma and leukemia models and effectively induced apoptosis in a recent study [19]. After 40 days, those treated with lemongrass has a 60% reduction in symptoms, compared with 80% in those using ketoconazole., Although there's limited evidence of the effectiveness of lemongrass essential oil as an anxiety remedy, one preliminary study published in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine in 2015 suggests that brief exposure may confer anti-anxiety benefits.. 2013;88(3):381-5. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20131800, Goes T, Ursulino F, Almeida-Souza T, Alves P, Teixeira-Silva F. Effect of lemongrass aroma on experimental anxiety in humans. citral, geraniol, citronellol, citronellal and piperitone, have been known to possess impressive antibacterial, antifungal, antiyeast, insecticidal and insect repellent activities for a long time. The essential oils of C. citratus from different regions of Vietnam were analyzed using GC/MS. Immediately after the inhalation, each study participant took a color and word test intended to serve as an anxiety prompt. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon flexuosus) oil is a type of essential oil often used in aromatherapy and by natural medicine practitioners for a variety of purposes, including reducing inflammation, relieving headaches, improving dandruff, and easing indigestion.. The research, however, is limited to studies in mice. According to aromatherapy proponents, essential oils may affect a number of biological factors, including heart rate, stress levels, blood pressure, breathing, and immune function. Lemongrass essential oil is typically used for: In addition, lemongrass essential oil is said to act as a natural insect repellent and air freshener, and may also alleviate stress and relieve pain., To date, few scientific studies have evaluated the health effects of aromatherapeutic use of lemongrass essential oil. According to a 2011 study published in Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, eugenol—a compound in lemongrass essential oil—impacts both the neurotransmitter serotonin and blood-platelet action, two factors that contribute to headaches.. We are committed to sharing findings related to COVID-19 as quickly as possible. There are two major types of lung cancer accounting for approximately 85% of all lung cancers: small cell lung cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Sign up for our Health Tip of the Day newsletter, and receive daily tips that will help you live your healthiest life. We evaluated the in vitro antifungal activity of essential oils obtained from the aromatic plants Laurus nobilis, Thymus vulgaris, Mentha piperita, Cymbopogon citratus and Lippia junelliana against the following Candida species isolated from clinical samples: C. krusei (n = 10); C. albicans (n = 50); C. glabrata (n = 70) and C. parapsilosis (n = 80). Notably, camphene, valerianol, and epi-α-muurolol were found only in culm oil but not in leaf oil. What to Know About Essential Oils for Arthritis. As depicted in Figure 4, the exposure of A549 cells to HLL resulted in the downregulation of procaspase-3, indicating the cleavage of caspase-3, and in turn denoted the activation of caspase-3. The myrcene content was higher in leaf oil than in culm oil. Aromatherapy: do essential oils really work?. The essential oil of C. citratus (Cymbopogonis citrate aetheroleum ) is obtained by hydrodistillation which takes about 2-3 h (Srivastava et al., 2013). 2016;6:71. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2016.00071, Aldawsari H, Badr-eldin S, Labib G, El-kamel A. Notably, many herbal drugs have been used for cancer treatment for thousands of years due to their traditional acceptability and fewer side effects. A549 cells were treated with different concentrations (0, 1, and 10, Advanced Center for Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam, Viettri University of Industry, Tien Kien, Lam Thao, Phu Tho, Vietnam, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam, Center for Research and Technology Transfer, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam, V. S. Gadepalli, S. P. Deb, S. Deb, and R. R. Rao, “Lung cancer stem cells, p53 mutations and MDM2,”, P. Zarogoulidis, K. tsirgogianni, K. Darwiche et al., “EGFR-TKIs in adjuvant treatment of lung cancer: to give or not to give?”, K. Bencardino, M. Manzoni, S. Delfanti, A. Riccardi, M. Danova, and G. R. Corazza, “Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer: results and open issues,”, A. K. Handique and H. B. Singh, “Antifungal action of lemongrass oil on some soil-borne plant pathogens,”, Z. T. Pinto, F. F. Sánchez, A. R. d. Santos et al., “Chemical composition and insecticidal activity of, K. Koba, K. Sanda, C. Guyon, C. Raynaud, J.-P. Chaumont, and L. Nicod, “In vitro cytotoxic activity of, S. Kpoviessi, J. Bero, P. Agbani et al., “Chemical composition, cytotoxicity and in vitro antitrypanosomal and antiplasmodial activity of the essential oils of four, M. Saleem, N. Afza, M. A. Anwar, S. M. A. Hai, and M. S. Ali, “A comparative study of essential oils of, P. Vyshali, K. J. T. Saraswathi, and G. R. Mallavarapu, “Chemical composition of the essential oils of, B. K. Matouschek and B. E. Stahl, “Phytochemical study of non volatile substances from, K. H. Miean and S. Mohamed, “Flavonoid (myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin) content of edible tropical plants,”, H. T. K. Van, N. M. Quy, D. T. V. 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